by Jason Wasserman MD PhD FRCPC
July 17, 2024
Background:
Hypertrophic candidiasis, also known as chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, is a persistent fungal infection of the oral cavity caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. Unlike other forms of oral candidiasis, which often present as white, removable plaques, hypertrophic candidiasis results in thickened, white plaques that cannot be easily scraped off. This condition represents a chronic, long-standing infection that leads to hyperplasia (growth) of the epithelium, the tissue lining the inside of the mouth.
What are the symptoms of hypertrophic candidiasis?
The symptoms of hypertrophic candidiasis can include:
- Thickened, white plaques on the mucous membranes of the mouth, particularly on the inside of the cheeks, the tongue, or the palate.
- The plaques are often rough and cannot be easily removed by scraping.
- Redness and inflammation around the white plaques.
- Soreness or discomfort in the affected areas.
- A burning sensation or pain, especially when eating spicy or acidic foods.
- In severe cases, cracking at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis) may also occur.
What causes hypertrophic candidiasis?
Hypertrophic candidiasis is caused by infection with Candida fungus. Candida species, particularly Candida albicans, are normally present in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and other mucous membranes without causing harm. However, under certain conditions, Candida can overgrow and lead to infections.
Risk factors for developing hypertrophic candidiasis include:
- Immunocompromised Conditions: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or undergoing chemotherapy, are more susceptible to fungal infections.
- Prolonged Antibiotic Use: Long-term antibiotic use can disrupt the balance of microorganisms in the oral cavity, allowing Candida to overgrow and cause infection.
- Denture Wearers: Ill-fitting or improperly cleaned dentures can create an environment conducive to the overgrowth of Candida, leading to infection.
- Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate oral hygiene practices can contribute to developing oral candidiasis. Regular brushing, flossing, and proper denture care can help prevent fungal infections.
- Xerostomia (Dry Mouth): Reduced saliva flow can create a dry environment in the mouth, promoting the growth of Candida. Conditions such as Sjögren’s syndrome or using certain medications can result in dry mouth.
How is this diagnosis made?
The diagnosis is typically based on clinical examination and may involve microscopic examination or culture of the lesion to confirm the presence of Candida. Treatment often includes antifungal medications, such as topical or systemic antifungals, depending on the severity of the infection and the individual’s underlying health.
About this article
This article was written by doctors to help you read and understand your pathology report. Contact us with any questions about this article or your pathology report. Read this article for a more general introduction to the parts of a typical pathology report.
Other helpful resources
Atlas of Pathology
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