Smooth muscle actin (SMA) is a protein found in the cells of smooth muscle, which is responsible for involuntary movements in the body, such as the contraction of blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract. Pathologists use special tests to detect SMA in tissues, which can help them diagnose certain types of tumours and conditions that …
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Chromogranin is a type of protein found primarily in neuroendocrine cells. There are three chromogranin proteins encoded by the CHGA (chromogranin A), CHGB (chromogranin B), and CHGC (chromogranin C) genes. What does chromogranin do? Chromogranins play important roles in the regulated secretion of hormones and specialized proteins called neuropeptides. They are present in small intracellular …
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CDX-2 is a gene that encodes for a protein known as Caudal Type Homeobox 2. It is a member of the caudal-related homeobox transcription factor gene family. This protein is crucial for embryonic development, particularly in forming the small and large intestines. It acts as a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved …
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CD34 is a protein normally produced by endothelial cells (the cells that line the inside of blood vessels), immature (developing) immune cells, and supporting connective tissue cells. It can also be produced by some types of tumour cells. Pathologists use a test called immunohistochemistry to see cells producing this protein under the microscope. What does …
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