igciwane

Umbiko we-MyPathology
October 17, 2023

Igciwane liyi-ejenti yebhayoloji encane ngendlela emangalisayo ekwazi ukuthelela izilwane, izitshalo, amagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Igciwane elijwayelekile lilinganiselwa ku-1/10 usayizi webhaktheriya elilodwa kanye no-1/100 kuya ku-1/1000 usayizi weseli lomuntu.

Yiziphi izingxenye zegciwane elijwayelekile?

Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zamagciwane (bheka ngezansi), iningi lakhiwe izingxenye ezifanayo eziyisisekelo ezihlanganisa:

• Izinto zofuzo Lokhu kungaba ngesimo se-DNA noma i-RNA. Amangqamuzana omuntu nawo aqukethe izakhi zofuzo ngendlela ye-DNA. I-RNA wuhlobo olukhethekile lwezakhi zofuzo ezingasetshenziswa ukwenza amaprotheni ngokushesha.
• Capsule – Izakhi zofuzo zizungezwe i-capsule eyenziwe ngamaprotheni egciwane akhethekile.
• Envelope - Amanye amagciwane anongqimba olwengeziwe ngaphandle kwe-capsule ebizwa ngokuthi imvilophu. Imvilophu yenziwe ngamafutha (lipids) kanye namaprotheni akhethekile egciwane. Elinye igama lemvilophu ulwelwesi.

Inhlanganisela yezakhi zofuzo ezizungezwe i-capsule ibizwa ngokuthi i-viral particle.

Ingabe igciwane liyaphila?

Ososayensi abaningi abawabheki amagciwane njengaphilayo. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi azikwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha noma ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi evamile yokuphila (i-metabolism) ngaphandle kokuthelela esinye isidalwa esiphilayo (njengebhaktheriya, isitshalo, noma isilwane). Nokho, abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi amagciwane anezakhi zawo zofuzo, kufanele abhekwe njengendlela yokuphila elula (futhi encane kakhulu). Ngenxa yokuthi igciwane aliphili ngokobuchwepheshe, alikwazi nokubulawa. Esikhundleni salokho, banikezwa imikhiqizo engasebenzi efana nensipho, utshwala, ne-bleach.

Angena kanjani amagciwane emzimbeni?

Kunezindlela ezine zokuthi igciwane lingene emzimbeni womuntu: ukuhogela, ukumunca ngomlomo, ukudluliswa okuqondile, nangesikhumba. Indlela igciwane elingena ngayo emzimbeni iyona ezonquma ukuthi lisakazeka kanjani, lisakazeka ngokushesha kangakanani, nokuthi ubani okungenzeka kakhulu ukuba angenwe yileli gciwane.

Amaconsi aphefumulelwe

Amaconsi akhiqizwa lapho abantu asebengenwe yileli gciwane futhi bekhwehlela noma bethimula. Uma esemoyeni, amaconsi agcwele igciwane angangena emzimbeni womunye umuntu ngamakhala noma ngomlomo. Amaconsi angaphinde ahlale phezu kwento futhi adluliselwe ekhaleni, emlonyeni, noma emehlweni ngesandla.

Amagciwane asakazwa ngamaconsi ngokuvamile athinta ikhala, umphimbo, namaphaphu anezimpawu ezihlanganisa ukuminyana emakhaleni, umphimbo obuhlungu, ukukhwehlela, nokuphefumula kanzima.

Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane asakazwa ngamaconsi zihlanganisa I-COVID-19, SARS, umkhuhlane, kanye nomkhuhlane.

Ukungeniswa ngomlomo

Abantu bangangenwa igciwane ekudleni noma emanzini angcolile. Igciwane lingena emzimbeni ngesisu noma emathunjini lapho ukudla noma amanzi angcolile kugwinywa. Amagciwane asakazwa ngokudla noma emanzini ngokuvamile athinta umgudu wamathumbu futhi abangele izimpawu ezinjengokucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukuhlanza, nesifo sohudo.

Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ekudleni noma emanzini angcolile zihlanganisa i-viral gastroenteritis kanye ne-hepatitis.

Ukudlulisa okuqondile

Amanye amagciwane adinga ukusuka komunye umuntu aye komunye ukuze asakazeke. Lawa magciwane ngokuvamile asakazwa ngegazi, ukuya ocansini, noma ukusuka kumama ukuya enganeni ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.

Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane asakazwa ngokudlulisela ngqo zihlanganisa i-hepatitis, i-HIV, ne-herpes.

Ngesikhumba

Amanye amagciwane asatshalaliswa yizinambuzane. Lezi zinambuzane zibizwa ngokuthi abathwali ngoba zithwala amagciwane ngaphakathi emizimbeni yazo kodwa azilinyazwa yileli gciwane. Abantu batheleleka lapho belunywe yisilokazana esinaleli gciwane. Iningi lamagciwane kuleli qembu atholakala ezindaweni ezifudumele lapho izinambuzane zitholakala unyaka wonke.

Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane asakazwa ukulunywa yizinambuzane zihlanganisa isifo sase-West Nile kanye ne-yellow fever.

Kwenzekani ngemva kokuba ingqamuzana lingenwe igciwane?

Uma igciwane selingenile emzimbeni, lidinga ukungena ngaphakathi kweseli ngaphambi kokuthi lizenzele amakhophi alo amasha futhi lisabalale. Izinhlobo zamaprotheni ku-capsule noma imvilophu inquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamaseli igciwane elingangena. Isibonelo, amanye amagciwane angangena kuphela kumaseli emgudwini wokuphefumula kanti amanye angangena kuphela kumaseli epheshaneni lamathumbu. Ikhono legciwane lokunamathisela nokungena ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamaseli kuphela libizwa ngokuthi “tropism”.

• Ukunamathela – Uma igciwane selingenile emzimbeni futhi lithola ingqamuzana eliqondiswe kulo, lizinamathisela phezu kweseli lisebenzisa amaprotheni akhethekile atholakala ku-capsule noma emvilophini. Amaprotheni egciwane anamathela kolunye uhlobo lwamaprotheni endaweni engaphandle yeseli ebizwa ngokuthi i-receptor. Izinhlobo zamaseli enza isamukeli sinquma i-tropism yegciwane.
• Entry – Ngemva kokuba igciwane linamathele esamukelisweni esingaphezulu kweseli, lilethwa ngaphakathi emzimbeni weseli futhi likhishwe esamukelisweni.
• Ukuphendula Uma selingaphakathi kwengqamuzana, igciwane lisebenzisa umshini wengqamuzana (amaprotheni avame ukutholakala ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana) ukuze akhe ufuzo olusha lwegciwane kanye namaprotheni akhethekile egciwane. Igciwane kufanele libe ngaphakathi kweseli ukuze lenze izakhi zofuzo ezintsha noma amaprotheni.
• Assembly – Izinhlayiya ezintsha zegciwane zibe sezenziwa ngezakhi zofuzo kanye namaprotheni enziwe ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda. Ingqamuzana elingenwe igciwane elilodwa lingakhiqiza izinkulungwane zezinhlayiya zegciwane elisha.
• release – Uma izinhlayiya ezintsha zegciwane sezihlanganisiwe, zidinga ukushiya ingqamuzana ukuze zikwazi ukuthelela amanye amaseli. Amanye amagciwane ashiya ingqamuzana ngokubangela ukuthi iseli liqhume. Lokhu kubulala iseli ngenkathi ikhipha zonke izinhlayiya zegciwane ngesikhathi esisodwa. Amagciwane adinga imvilophu anamathisele odongeni lweseli (ulwelwesi) futhi athathe olunye udonga ahambe nawo njengoba ephuma kuseli. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-budding. Amanye amagciwane angahlala engqamuzaneni izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka ngaphambi kokuba akhiqize igciwane elisha futhi ashiye ingqamuzana.

Ingabe zikhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagciwane?

Yebo, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zamagciwane futhi ahlelwe ngamaqembu abizwa ngokuthi imindeni. Amalungu omndeni wegciwane abelana ngezinto zofuzo (njengamalungu omndeni wesintu abelana nge-DNA)

Ithebula elingezansi libala eminye yemindeni ejwayeleke kakhulu enamagciwane kanye nezifo ezihlobene naleyo mindeni.

Kusho ukuthini uma abantu bethi umuntu uyathelelana?

Umuntu othelelanayo ungenwa igciwane futhi akwazi ukusabalalisa igciwane kwabanye abantu. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, umzimba womuntu onaleli gciwane kufanele wenze futhi ukhiphe izinhlayiya ezintsha zegciwane. Uma lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kwesifo kuncike ohlotsheni lwegciwane elikhiqizwayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, amagciwane amaningi athinta ikhala, umphimbo, namaphaphu (indlela yokuphefumula) abangela ukuba umuntu atheleleke kakhulu isikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa ekuqaleni kwesifo. Ngokuphambene, amagciwane amaningi atholakala egazini noma athintana ngokuqondile angahlala emzimbeni futhi abangele umuntu ukuba atheleleke iminyaka eminingi.

Umbono oyiphutha ovamile ukuthi umuntu udinga ukuthi abonise izimpawu zesifo ukuze athathelane. Lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamagciwane, umuntu onegciwane uyathelelana ngaphambi kokuba kuqale izimpawu.

Okuphambene nakho kuyiqiniso. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamagciwane, umuntu uyayeka ukuthathelwana ngaphambi kokuba izimpawu ziphele ngokuphelele. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi umzimba uyaqhubeka nokubonisa izimpawu zesifo kahle ngemva kokuba igciwane lokugcina selingasebenzi.

Mayelana nalesi sihloko:

Lesi sihloko sabhalwa odokotela ukuze bakusize ufunde futhi uqonde umbiko wakho we-pathology. Xhumana nathi uma unemibuzo mayelana nalesi sihloko noma umbiko wakho we-pathology.

Ezinye izinsiza eziwusizo

Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Nokuvimbela Izifo

World Health Organization

I-Coronavirus Resource Center - I-Harvard Health