Polyp

A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue that sticks out from the surface into a hollow space or body cavity. Polyps can form almost anywhere in the body, but they’re especially common in the colon, stomach, nasal cavity, sinuses (sinonasal area), and uterus. Most polyps are harmless (benign) growths; however, some can be precancerous, meaning they have the potential to develop into cancer if left untreated, and others can even contain cancerous cells (malignant).

The term “polyp” itself describes only the shape and appearance of the growth—it doesn’t tell us exactly what type of cells it’s made from or whether it’s cancerous. Pathologists examine a sample of the polyp under the microscope to make a final diagnosis. This allows them to determine the exact type of polyp and whether it has features that might require further medical attention.

What causes polyps?

The exact cause of polyps depends on where they form in the body, but common factors include inflammation, chronic irritation, certain infections, hormonal imbalances, and genetic conditions. For example, colon polyps often develop due to aging, dietary factors, and genetic predisposition. In the uterus, hormonal imbalances or inflammation can trigger polyp growth. Understanding the specific cause often helps determine treatment and prevention strategies.

Where are polyps commonly found in the body?

Polyps can develop almost anywhere, but some common locations include:

• Colon (large intestine)

• Stomach

• Nose and sinuses (sinonasal cavity)

• Uterus (endometrium and cervix)

Common types of polyps

Below are some frequently encountered polyps, grouped by their common locations:

Colon (large intestine)

• Tubular adenoma (precancerous)

• Villous adenoma (precancerous)

• Tubulovillous adenoma (precancerous)

• Sessile serrated polyp (precancerous)

• Hyperplastic polyp (benign, usually harmless)

Stomach

• Hyperplastic polyp (benign, often associated with inflammation)

Uterus (endometrium)

• Endometrial polyp (usually benign, often linked to hormone levels)

Cervix

• Endocervical polyp (typically benign and associated with inflammation or hormonal changes)

Nose and sinuses

• Sinonasal inflammatory polyp (benign, often resulting from chronic inflammation or allergies)

How do pathologists diagnose polyps?

Pathologists diagnose polyps by examining a tissue sample under the microscope. Usually, a polyp is removed during a procedure (such as a colonoscopy or surgical biopsy) and sent for microscopic examination. Under the microscope, the pathologist carefully assesses the cells that make up the polyp to identify whether it is benign, precancerous, or cancerous. The microscopic examination also determines the specific type of polyp, which helps your doctor decide on appropriate treatment and follow-up.

Can polyps turn into cancer?

Some polyps, especially certain types found in the colon, such as tubular adenomas, villous adenomas, and sessile serrated polyps, have the potential to become cancerous over time. Because of this risk, these types of polyps are often removed during screening procedures to prevent cancer from developing. Other polyps, like hyperplastic or inflammatory polyps, rarely or never become cancerous.

It’s important to have polyps properly evaluated by a pathologist, as knowing the type and potential risk helps your doctor manage your health effectively. Regular screenings and follow-up appointments are recommended to detect polyps early and prevent possible complications.