Hydrosalpinx

Jason Wasserman MD PhD FRCPC
November 12, 2024

Hydrosalpinx is a condition in which one or both fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus, become blocked and fill with a watery fluid. The term “hydro” means water, and “salpinx” refers to the fallopian tube. This fluid buildup can cause the fallopian tube to swell and sometimes interfere with fertility.

What are the symptoms of hydrosalpinx?

Many people with hydrosalpinx have no symptoms and may only discover the condition during evaluations for other issues, such as infertility. When symptoms are present, they may include lower abdominal or pelvic pain, unusual vaginal discharge, or discomfort. Symptoms can vary depending on whether one or both tubes are affected and how severe the blockage is.

What causes hydrosalpinx?

Hydrosalpinx is most commonly caused by a past infection in the reproductive tract, such as a sexually transmitted infection or pelvic inflammatory disease. Other potential causes include previous abdominal surgery, endometriosis (a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of it), or adhesions (scar tissue) that can block the tube and lead to fluid buildup.

Does hydrosalpinx increase the risk of developing cancer?

In general, hydrosalpinx itself does not significantly increase the risk of developing cancer. However, in certain cases, if this condition has been present for a long time, doctors may monitor it to ensure there are no additional risks. Routine check-ups and imaging can help keep track of any changes.

How is this diagnosis made?

The diagnosis of hydrosalpinx is typically made using imaging techniques like ultrasound or an X-ray procedure called a hysterosalpingogram, which involves injecting a dye into the uterus and fallopian tubes to check for blockages. Sometimes, hydrosalpinx may be discovered during surgery for another condition. Once identified, further tests can help confirm the diagnosis.

Microscopic features

Under the microscope, a hydrosalpinx shows features of a distended (stretched) fallopian tube with a buildup of fluid inside. Depending on the cause, the tube’s walls may be thin and scarred, with areas of inflammation. In some cases, the normal lining cells of the fallopian tube may be damaged or absent. These microscopic details help pathologists confirm the diagnosis and understand the underlying cause.