Malignant

In medicine, the word malignant is commonly used to describe a cancerous growth of cells. For instance, pathologists often refer to cancerous tumours as malignant tumours or malignant neoplasms. The term malignant can also describe serious, life-threatening conditions that aren’t cancer, such as dangerously high blood pressure (malignant hypertension) or extremely high internal body temperature (malignant hyperthermia). The opposite of malignant is benign, meaning non-cancerous and usually not life-threatening.

What makes a tumour malignant?

A tumour is considered malignant (cancerous) when its cells have the ability to:

• Grow uncontrollably.

• Damage or destroy nearby healthy tissue.

• Metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Malignant tumours can develop anywhere in the body. Their behavior can vary significantly depending on several important factors, including:

• Type of tumour: What kind of cells the tumour originated from.

• Size of the tumour: How large it has grown.

• Grade of the tumour: How abnormal and aggressive the tumour cells look under a microscope.

• Amount of invasion: How deeply the tumour cells have grown into surrounding healthy tissues.

Pathologists carefully evaluate these factors by examining tumour tissue samples under a microscope. The detailed information they gather is summarized in your pathology report, which helps your doctor understand how aggressive the cancer is and determine the best treatment plan.

Do all malignant tumours behave the same way?

Not all malignant tumours behave the same. Some malignant tumours grow slowly and respond very well to treatments, sometimes even resulting in a complete cure. Others can grow very quickly, spread rapidly, and become life-threatening. Your pathology report provides essential information to help your doctor predict the likely behavior of your tumour—also called your prognosis—and to choose the most effective treatment.

What are the common types of malignant tumours?

There are many types of malignant tumours, each with unique features and treatment approaches. Pathologists identify the tumour type by examining tissue samples under a microscope. Here are some common types of malignant tumours:

• Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that develops from squamous cells, found on the skin and the lining of the mouth, throat, cervix, and other areas.

• Adenocarcinoma: Cancer that starts from glandular cells, commonly found in organs such as the breast, colon, lung, prostate, pancreas, and stomach.

• Melanoma: Cancer arising from melanocytes, the cells that give skin its colour.

• Sarcoma: Cancer originating in soft tissues, such as muscle, bone, fat, or blood vessels.

• Lymphoma: Cancer that affects the lymphatic system, a key part of your immune system.

Each malignant tumour type has unique characteristics, treatments, and expected outcomes. Understanding your specific type of tumour is a critical step in deciding on the best care for you.

Questions to ask your doctor

If your diagnosis includes the term malignant, consider asking your doctor:

• What type of malignant tumour do I have?

• What does this diagnosis mean for my treatment options and prognosis?

• How aggressively is my tumour expected to behave?

• What additional tests or treatments might I need?

Understanding the term malignant and how it applies to your diagnosis helps you actively participate in your care and treatment decisions.