Ghost cells

Ghost cells are a specific type of dead cell seen under the microscope in certain medical conditions. They are called “ghost” cells because they appear as pale, empty outlines of the original cell, almost as if the cell is a shadow or “ghost” of itself. These cells no longer function and have lost their internal structures, leaving only a faint outline of their shape.

What causes ghost cells?

Ghost cells form when cells die in a particular way, often due to a lack of oxygen or other nutrients, injury, or an immune response. When the cell dies, its internal contents break down, but the outer cell membrane may remain for a time. This results in a ghost cell, where only the shape of the original cell is visible, but the inside is empty or transparent.

What conditions are associated with ghost cells?

Ghost cells are most commonly seen in certain skin and dental conditions. One of the best-known conditions associated with ghost cells is a type of benign tumour called a pilomatricoma, which occurs in the skin. Ghost cells can also be seen in some inflammatory conditions and rarely in other types of benign or malignant tumours. In each of these conditions, the presence of ghost cells can help pathologists make a diagnosis.

What do ghost cells indicate?

While ghost cells are often found in noncancerous conditions, their presence requires careful attention from the pathologist. Ghost cells can be seen in benign processes, such as certain skin tumours or areas of inflammation, but they can also appear in cancerous tumors. For this reason, when ghost cells are identified, the pathologist will look closely for other features that may indicate a more serious condition, such as cancer. Their presence alone does not confirm cancer, but it signals the need for further evaluation.

What are the microscopic features of ghost cells?

Under the microscope, ghost cells appear as pale pink, translucent cells with well-defined borders. They lack the internal structures typically seen in healthy cells, such as a nucleus. Instead, they look like empty shells or shadows of their former selves. These cells may calcify (harden) in some conditions, giving them a slightly more defined appearance. Pathologists can identify ghost cells based on these unique microscopic features.