Tumour mutational burden — usually abbreviated as TMB — is a measurement of how many genetic mutations are present in a tumour. The more mutations a cancer carries, the more it tends to look different from normal cells to the immune system. Because immunotherapy drugs work by helping the immune system find and attack cancer, …
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MMR-deficient, often written as dMMR, means that one or more of the proteins responsible for repairing mistakes in a cell’s DNA are missing or not working properly. When these repair proteins are lost, errors in DNA can accumulate over time, contributing to the development of cancer. Finding dMMR in a tumour has important implications for …
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A breast biopsy is a procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the breast and sent to a pathology laboratory for examination. It is the only way to know for certain whether a breast abnormality is cancerous, precancerous, or benign. If you have received a breast biopsy pathology report, you may …
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Background: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a rare and aggressive cancer that arises from connective tissues, including muscles, tendons, fat, and fibrous tissues. The term “undifferentiated” indicates that the tumour cells do not resemble normal cells in the body and lack specific differentiation toward a particular tissue type. “Pleomorphic” refers to the varied shapes and …
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Synovial sarcoma is a rare type of soft tissue cancer. Despite its name, it does not usually start from the lining of joints (synovium). Instead, it arises from primitive connective tissue cells that exhibit features of both spindle-shaped cells and epithelial cells. This article explains the pathology report for synovial sarcoma, including how it is …
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