CDH1 is a gene that carries the instructions for making E-cadherin, a protein that holds neighboring cells together. When a change in this gene is inherited, it causes a condition that raises the lifetime risk of two specific cancers: diffuse gastric cancer, a type of stomach cancer, and lobular breast cancer. The condition is called …
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Signet ring cell carcinoma of the stomach is a type of stomach cancer in which the cancer cells lose their attachments to one another and spread individually through the stomach wall instead of forming glands. Each cell fills with a large droplet of mucus that pushes the nucleus, the compartment holding the cell’s genetic material, …
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Claudin 18.2 is a protein that helps cells in the lining of the stomach stick tightly together. It is one of the newest biomarkers in adenocarcinoma of the stomach (gastric cancer) and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, including cancer of the gastroesophageal junction (the area where the esophagus meets the stomach), because it can be targeted …
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Mismatch repair (MMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI) testing tell doctors whether the DNA repair system inside a cancer is working properly. When that system breaks down, cancer cells accumulate many genetic errors, and those errors are exactly what can make the cancer respond to a powerful type of treatment called immunotherapy. The same test matters …
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PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) is a protein that some cancer cells use to hide from the immune system. Testing for PD-L1 is one of the most important biomarkers in advanced cancer of the stomach (gastric cancer) and the gastroesophageal junction (the area where the esophagus meets the stomach), because the result helps determine whether immunotherapy …
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HER2, also known as ERBB2, is a gene that drives cancer cell growth when overactive. HER2 is best known in breast cancer, but it is also one of the most important biomarkers in cancer of the stomach (gastric cancer) and the gastroesophageal junction (the area where the esophagus meets the stomach). A “biomarker” is a …
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Intramucosal adenocarcinoma of the stomach is an early cancer that begins in the glandular cells lining the stomach, the cells that normally produce mucus and digestive juices. The word intramucosal means the cancer is still confined to the mucosa, the thin innermost lining of the stomach, and has not grown into the deeper layers of …
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Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare and aggressive type of stomach cancer. It develops from specialized neuroendocrine cells found in the lining of the stomach. These cells normally help regulate digestive functions by releasing small hormone-like molecules. In NEC, these cells become cancerous and divide quickly, often forming a large tumor that can …
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Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumour (NET) of the stomach is a rare type of cancer that starts from neuroendocrine cells in the lining of the stomach. Neuroendocrine cells are specialized cells that receive signals from the nervous system and release hormones into the bloodstream. NETs grow more slowly than other types of stomach cancer and often …
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Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for roughly 90% to 95% of all cases. It begins in the glandular cells that line the inside of the stomach, the cells that normally produce mucus and digestive juices. In adenocarcinoma, these cells grow in an uncontrolled way and form a tumor that can …
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