Epithelial hyperplasia


Epithelial hyperplasia is a term pathologists use to describe an increased number of epithelial cells, which line the surfaces of organs and structures throughout the body. It is a non-cancerous (benign) condition that leads to thickening or enlargement of the epithelial layer. Another term often used is hyperplastic epithelium.

Where is epithelial hyperplasia commonly found?

Epithelial hyperplasia can occur in various parts of the body where epithelial cells normally grow, including:

  • Skin

  • Oral cavity (mouth)

  • Esophagus

  • Stomach

  • Colon

  • Breast ducts

  • Cervix

The type and cause of epithelial hyperplasia can vary depending on where it occurs.

What causes epithelial hyperplasia?

Epithelial hyperplasia usually develops as a response to irritation, inflammation, hormonal changes, or injury to the epithelial cells. Common causes include:

  • Chronic irritation or injury: For example, repeated friction or trauma in the oral cavity.

  • Hormonal stimulation: As seen in the breast or endometrium (lining of the uterus).

  • Inflammation: Conditions causing ongoing inflammation, such as acid reflux (in the esophagus) or infections.

Is epithelial hyperplasia a type of cancer?

No, epithelial hyperplasia is not a type of cancer. It is a benign (non-cancerous) condition. In the absence of dysplasia or significant cytologic atypia (abnormal changes in the size, shape, or appearance of cells), epithelial hyperplasia is also not considered a precancerous condition. However, persistent irritation or inflammation that causes hyperplasia may sometimes lead to more serious changes over time. For this reason, your doctor may recommend periodic monitoring or follow-up.

What does epithelial hyperplasia look like under the microscope?

Under the microscope, epithelial hyperplasia is characterized by:

  • An increased thickness or number of epithelial cells compared to normal tissue.

  • Well-organized layers of epithelial cells that typically maintain their normal appearance and structure.

  • Usually, there is no significant atypia (abnormal cell appearance), which helps pathologists distinguish hyperplasia from precancerous conditions.

What are the common types of epithelial hyperplasia?

Examples of epithelial hyperplasia include:

  • Usual ductal hyperplasia: Commonly seen in breast tissue.

  • Oral epithelial hyperplasia: Caused by chronic irritation in the mouth.

  • Hyperplastic polyps: Found in the colon and stomach, usually associated with chronic inflammation or irritation.

How is the diagnosis of epithelial hyperplasia made?

A pathologist makes the diagnosis by examining a tissue sample under the microscope. The tissue is usually obtained through a biopsy or surgical procedure. The pathologist will identify the characteristic increased number of epithelial cells and determine whether there are any features suggestive of a precancerous or cancerous change.

Questions to ask your doctor

  • What caused my epithelial hyperplasia?

  • Does this condition need any treatment or monitoring?

  • Should I undergo additional testing or procedures?

  • How can I prevent epithelial hyperplasia from coming back or worsening?

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