Mast cells are a type of white blood cell (WBC) involved in the body’s immune response. They are similar in appearance to basophils, with both types containing large granules in their cytoplasm (body). However, mast cells originate from different cell lines and can be found throughout the body.
Mast cells play a critical role in the body’s defense against parasites and in allergic reactions. When activated by various triggers, such as allergens, pathogens, or physical injury, mast cells release a range of potent mediators into the surrounding tissues, including histamine, proteases, cytokines, and chemokines.
Histamine is a potent vasodilator that increases blood flow and permeability in the surrounding tissues. This allows immune cells and other molecules to access the site of infection or inflammation. Histamine can also cause the characteristic symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, and bronchoconstriction.
Mast cells also recruit and activate other immune cells, such as eosinophils and T cells, to the site of inflammation. Additionally, they have been implicated in regulating angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), tissue repair, and even homeostasis maintenance.
Mast cells are widely distributed in the body, especially in tissues that come into contact with the external environment, such as the skin, respiratory and digestive tracts.
While mast cells are important for the body’s immune response, their activation can also contribute to developing various diseases, such as allergies, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune disorders.