breast

Invasive breast carcinoma

Invasive breast carcinoma (not otherwise specified) is the most common type of breast cancer. It starts in the cells lining the ducts of the breast and invades surrounding breast tissue. This type of cancer is often referred to as invasive ductal carcinoma. It is the most common form of breast cancer. The diagnosis of invasive …
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Encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the breast

Encapsulated papillary carcinoma is a non-invasive type of breast cancer. “Non-invasive” means that the cancerous cells are confined to where they started and have not spread to nearby breast tissue. This type of tumour behaves similarly to another non-invasive breast cancer called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which also has a low risk of spreading. …
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Paget’s disease of the breast

Paget’s disease is a non-invasive type of breast cancer that involves the nipple and surrounding skin. It is considered non-invasive because the tumour cells are limited to a layer of the skin called the epidermis. Most tumours are believed to start in channels called ducts that run from the nipple to glands deep in the breast. …
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Sclerosing adenosis of the breast

Sclerosing adenosis is a non-cancerous growth made up of small glands in the breast. The glands are surrounded by a type of connective tissue that resembles a scar. When large enough, this type of growth can be seen in imaging studies such as mammography, and a biopsy may be performed to rule out cancer. What …
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Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH)

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a non-cancerous growth in the breast. It is made up of specialized cells called myofibroblasts. The growth is called “pseudoangiomatous” (which means “like blood vessels”) because the myofibroblasts form small slit-like spaces that look similar to blood vessels when examined under the microscope. What causes PASH? PASH appears to be …
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Nottingham histologic grade

The Nottingham histologic grade (or modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade) is a system pathologists use to evaluate breast cancer under the microscope. It helps determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and provides important information for planning treatment. The grade is based on how different the cancer cells look from normal breast cells and how quickly they are …
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Microcalcification

What is a microcalcification? A microcalcification is a small deposit of the mineral calcium inside tissue. Microcalcifications can be found anywhere in the body but they are most commonly found in the breast where they are associated with both non-cancerous and cancerous conditions. Imaging studies such as mammography can see microcalcifications in the breast and …
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Breast

Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) Benign phyllodes tumour Borderline phyllodes tumour Columnar cell change (CCC) Columnar cell hyperplasia (CCH) Complex sclerosing lesion Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) Fibroadenoma Fibrocystic change Flat epithelial atypia (FEA) Intraductal papilloma Invasive apocrine carcinoma Invasive breast carcinoma Invasive ductal carcinoma Invasive ductal carcinoma …
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Columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast

Background: Columnar cell hyperplasia (CCH) is a non-cancerous condition in the breast where the normal cells are replaced by tall, thin cells. This change can only be seen when tissue from the breast is examined under the microscope by a pathologist. CCC is usually seen with another non-cancerous change called flat epithelial atypia.  What are the …
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Columnar cell change of the breast

Background: Columnar cell change (CCC) is a common non-cancerous condition in the breast. In this condition, normal cells are replaced by tall, thin, columnar-shaped cells. A pathologist can only see this change when tissue from the breast is examined under the microscope. Columnar cell change often develops alongside another non-cancerous change in the breast called …
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