Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive type of breast cancer that starts in the lining of the breast ducts — the tiny tubes that carry milk from the glands to the nipple. Noninvasive means that all the abnormal cells are confined inside the ducts and have not broken through the duct wall into …
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Papillary lesion of the breast is a term pathologists use to describe a group of breast tumours that look similar when examined under the microscope. This group includes both non-cancerous tumours and cancers. Papillary lesion is a preliminary diagnosis. Typically, the entire tumour needs to be removed and examined before a final diagnosis can be …
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A radial scar, also known as a complex sclerosing lesion, is a non-cancerous growth in the breast characterized by an increased number of glands and ducts around a central scar. Although non-cancerous, this condition is associated with a small increased risk of developing breast cancer when compared to women without radial scars. What are the …
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A complex sclerosing lesion (CSL) is a benign (noncancerous) growth in the breast. Under the microscope, it has a central area of scar-like tissue with ducts and glands radiating outward, which is why it is sometimes referred to as a radial scar. Although the name includes the word “scar,” CSLs do not develop after injury …
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Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a non-cancerous breast disease. Although LCIS is not a type of cancer, it is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer over time. The two types of breast cancer associated with LCIS are invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. The increased risk applies to both breasts, …
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Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer. It starts in the epithelial cells lining the milk ducts of the breast and grows into the surrounding breast tissue. Left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, bones, and lungs. The term “invasive breast carcinoma” is …
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HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) is a protein found on the surface of many cells in the body. In healthy cells, HER2 acts like an antenna — it receives growth signals from the surrounding environment and passes them into the cell, helping to control when the cell grows and divides. Normally, each cell …
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