The Fuhrman grade is a system used to classify the aggressiveness of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the most common type of kidney cancer. Developed by Gary A. Fuhrman in the 1980s, this grading system helps pathologists and oncologists evaluate how cancer cells look under a microscope compared to normal kidney cells. The Fuhrman …
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In pathology, the term “exophytic” refers to a growth pattern of a tumor or lesion that projects outward from the surface of the tissue. This growth pattern contrasts with endophytic growths, which extend inward into the tissue beneath the surface. Exophytic growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and are characterized by their outward …
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In pathology, the term “differentiated” describes how specialized or mature the cells are within a tissue or organ. Differentiation is a natural process where cells develop unique structures and functions, allowing them to perform specific tasks in the body. Well-differentiated cells closely resemble normal, healthy cells, while less differentiated cells look more abnormal and lack …
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Desmoplasia is an abnormal reaction that occurs when cancer cells interact with the supportive tissue surrounding them, known as stroma. The stroma is a specialized type of connective tissue that provides structure and support for organs and tissues. In the presence of cancer cells, the stroma often responds by becoming thick, firm, and scar-like, creating …
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Cautery artifact is a term pathologists use to describe changes in the appearance of cells and tissue caused by heat during a surgical procedure. These changes are not related to disease, but instead result from a common surgical tool called electrocautery, which uses heat to cut tissue and stop bleeding. Electrocautery is frequently used during …
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CD34 is a protein found on the surface of specific cells in your body, mainly stem cells (cells that can develop into various other types of cells), endothelial cells (blood vessel cells), and specific blood-forming cells. It plays an important role in cell growth and development, especially in forming new blood vessels and blood cells. …
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Adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, is a type of tissue in the body made up of cells called adipocytes. These cells store energy in the form of fat, help cushion and protect internal organs, and provide insulation to maintain body temperature. Adipose tissue plays an essential role in overall health and metabolism. Where is …
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Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer (malignant tumour) that develops from specialized glandular cells. Glandular cells typically produce substances such as mucus or hormones, and they’re normally found in many internal organs, including the lungs, breast, stomach, pancreas, colon, ovaries, and uterus (endometrium). Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of cancer affecting internal organs. Adenocarcinoma …
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In pathology, the term tumour describes an abnormal growth of cells in the body. Normally, cells grow and divide in a controlled way. However, tumour cells multiply uncontrollably, forming a lump or mass. Tumours can develop anywhere in your body and can vary significantly in their appearance and behaviour. How are tumours categorized? Tumours are …
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A resection is a surgical procedure performed to remove an area of abnormal tissue such as a tumour from the body. A resection usually removes all of the abnormal tissue plus some surrounding normal tissue. The tissue removed is called a specimen and the cut edge of the tissue is called the margin. This type …
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