AE1/AE3 is a test pathologists use involving a combination of antibodies designed to recognize a group of proteins called cytokeratins. Cytokeratins are proteins found inside epithelial cells, which are the cells that line surfaces inside and outside your body, such as your skin and the lining of internal organs. The AE1/AE3 test helps pathologists identify …
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CDX-2 is a gene that encodes for a protein known as Caudal Type Homeobox 2. It is a member of the caudal-related homeobox transcription factor gene family. This protein is crucial for embryonic development, particularly in forming the small and large intestines. It acts as a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved …
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Synaptophysin is a protein found on the surface of certain cells in the body. It is especially important in cells that help send signals in the nervous system, such as nerve cells (neurons) and some related types of cells. Synaptophysin is a marker that pathologists use to identify specific types of cells and tumours under …
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What is PAX8? PAX8 (Paired box gene 8) is a specialized protein called a transcription factor. It plays an important role in the formation of various organs including the thyroid gland, kidneys, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. What does PAX8 do? The PAX8 protein is required for the normal development and function of various …
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TTF-1 (stands for thyroid transcription factor -1) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in the development and differentiation of the thyroid gland, thymus, lung, and brain. It is a nuclear protein which means it is normally found in a part of the cell called the nucleus. TTF-1 is normally expressed in the …
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GATA-3 (GATA binding protein 3) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in the development and differentiation of various cells within the body. It is part of the GATA family of transcription factors, which bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of target genes to regulate their expression. GATA-3 is particularly …
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S100 is a protein normally found inside many different types of cells in the human body. It plays a role in various cellular processes, such as cell growth and communication. Pathologists can use special tests to detect this protein in tissues, which can help them diagnose certain types of tumours and other medical conditions. What …
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p40 is a protein made by several types of normal, healthy cells, including squamous cells, basal cells, and myoepithelial cells. These are specialized cells found in different parts of the body. For example, squamous cells line the skin and many internal surfaces, basal cells are found in particular layers of the skin and airways, and …
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What does immunoreactivity mean? Immunoreactivity is a word pathologists use to describe the results of a test called immunohistochemistry. This test is performed to see if the cells in a tissue sample make a protein of interest. Cells that make the protein may be described as reactive or positive. Cells that do not produce the …
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What does immunostain mean? Immunostain is a word pathologists use to describe a test call immunohistochemistry. To learn more, read our article about immunohistochemistry.
