MLH1 promoter methylation is a change that affects the way the MLH1 gene is switched on and off. The MLH1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that repairs mistakes in DNA. When the promoter region of the gene (the “on–off switch”) becomes abnormally methylated, the MLH1 gene is turned off. As a result, the …
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MLH1 is a gene that produces a protein involved in repairing mistakes in a cell’s DNA. It is one of four key mismatch repair (MMR) proteins — along with PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 — that work together to find and fix small errors that occur when DNA is copied during cell division. MLH1 and PMS2 …
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Medullary carcinoma is a rare subtype of colorectal cancer. Like other types of colon and rectal cancer, it starts from the cells lining the inner surface of the bowel. However, medullary carcinoma has a very distinctive appearance under the microscope. Instead of forming the gland-like structures typical of most colorectal cancers, the tumor cells grow …
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Lynch syndrome is an inherited condition that significantly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, most commonly colorectal (colon and rectal) cancer and endometrial (uterine) cancer. It is caused by an inherited change in one of the genes responsible for making mismatch repair (MMR) proteins — a group of proteins that normally find …
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Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary is a type of ovarian cancer named for the appearance of its cells under the microscope — many of the tumor cells have large amounts of a substance called glycogen inside them, which washes out during the preparation of the tissue slide and leaves the cell’s interior looking pale, …
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Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary is a type of ovarian cancer whose cells resemble the cells of endometrioid carcinoma of the uterus when examined under the microscope. It develops from epithelial cells and accounts for about 10% of all ovarian carcinomas. Unlike the more common high-grade serous carcinoma, most endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary are …
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