Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in the anal canal and anus is an abnormal growth caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). The abnormal growth seen in LSIL is an example of dysplasia. Although the overall risk is low, LSIL is considered a precancerous condition because it can turn into a type of anal cancer …
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Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is a precancerous condition that affects the cells lining the anus and anal canal. In this condition, the surface cells show abnormal changes, but they have not spread into deeper tissues, which means it is not cancer. However, some cases can progress over time to squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. …
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E-cadherin (also called cadherin-1) is a protein found on the surface of most epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are the cells that line many surfaces in the body, including the skin, glands, and the inside of organs such as the breast, stomach, and colon. E-cadherin helps these cells stick together and maintain their structure and organization. …
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Invasive mammary carcinoma is a diagnosis used to describe a cancerous tumour in the breast that has not been subclassified into a more specific type of breast cancer. Additional tests often result in the tumour being subclassified as invasive ductal carcinoma or invasive lobular carcinoma. Is invasive mammary carcinoma a type of breast cancer? Yes. …
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Acute cholecystitis refers to the sudden and active inflammation of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just beneath the liver in the upper right side of the abdomen. Inflammation happens when the gallbladder wall becomes swollen and irritated, usually because something is blocking the normal flow of bile. What is the …
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Erosive esophagitis is a condition where the inner lining of the esophagus (the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach) becomes damaged and inflamed. This damage causes the cells that normally cover the inside of the esophagus to break down or slough off, creating open areas called erosions. What causes erosive esophagitis? …
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Herpes esophagitis is an infection of the esophagus (the tube connecting your mouth to your stomach) caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The infection causes inflammation and damages the lining of the esophagus, making it difficult and painful to swallow. What causes herpes esophagitis? Herpes esophagitis happens when the herpes simplex virus infects the …
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CMV esophagitis is a condition in which the esophagus becomes infected by a virus called cytomegalovirus (CMV). This infection causes inflammation and damage to the tissue lining the esophagus, leading to pain and difficulty swallowing. CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family. It is a common virus that many people carry in their body …
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A malignant spindle cell neoplasm is a type of cancer made up of spindle-shaped cells. Under the microscope, these cells look long and narrow, similar to the shape of a spindle (a pointed rod used for spinning thread). This diagnosis describes how the cells look under the microscope but does not identify the exact type …
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ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of cancer that starts in T cells, which are specialized white blood cells that normally help the body fight infections. Because it develops from immune cells, it is classified as a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). This disease most often involves lymph nodes, but it can also appear …
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