Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in the anal canal and anus is an abnormal growth caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). The abnormal growth seen in LSIL is an example of dysplasia. Although the overall risk is low, LSIL is considered a precancerous condition because it can turn into a type of anal cancer …
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Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is a precancerous condition that affects the cells lining the anus and anal canal. In this condition, the surface cells show abnormal changes, but they have not spread into deeper tissues, which means it is not cancer. However, some cases can progress over time to squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. …
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E-cadherin (also called cadherin-1) is a protein found on the surface of most epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are the cells that line many surfaces in the body, including the skin, glands, and the inside of organs such as the breast, stomach, and colon. E-cadherin helps these cells stick together and maintain their structure and organization. …
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Invasive mammary carcinoma is a general term used to describe a cancer that has grown into the breast tissue but has not yet been sorted into a more specific type of breast cancer. It is often a starting point: after further examination and testing, most invasive mammary carcinomas are reclassified as invasive ductal carcinoma (also …
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Acute cholecystitis refers to the sudden and active inflammation of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just beneath the liver in the upper right side of the abdomen. Inflammation happens when the gallbladder wall becomes swollen and irritated, usually because something is blocking the normal flow of bile. What is the …
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Erosive esophagitis means that the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach, is inflamed and has been worn away in places. The esophagus is lined by squamous cells, which form a protective surface layer called the epithelium. When injury damages this layer faster than …
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Herpes esophagitis is an infection of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The infection destroys cells in the surface lining and produces small ulcers, which makes swallowing painful. It is also called herpes simplex esophagitis or HSV esophagitis. …
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CMV esophagitis is an infection of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach, caused by a virus called cytomegalovirus (CMV). The infection damages the lining of the esophagus and produces inflammation, usually in the form of deep ulcers. CMV belongs to the herpesvirus family, and it …
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A malignant spindle cell neoplasm is a type of cancer made up of spindle-shaped cells. Under the microscope, these cells look long and narrow, similar to the shape of a spindle (a pointed rod used for spinning thread). This diagnosis describes how the cells look under the microscope but does not identify the exact type …
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ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of cancer that starts in T cells, which are specialized white blood cells that normally help the body fight infections. Because it develops from immune cells, it is classified as a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). This disease most often involves lymph nodes, but it can also appear …
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