Nabothian cyst of the cervix

By Jason Wasserman MD PhD FRCPC
September 9, 2024

A nabothian cyst is a small, fluid-filled sac that forms on the surface of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Nabothian cysts are common and benign (noncancerous), meaning they are not harmful. They form when mucus-producing glands in the cervix become blocked, trapping the mucus inside and creating a cyst.

What are the symptoms of a nabothian cyst?

Most nabothian cysts do not cause any symptoms and are usually found during a routine pelvic exam or Pap test. They are typically small and painless. In rare cases, if a cyst becomes large, it may cause mild discomfort or pressure in the lower abdomen. However, this is uncommon.

What causes a nabothian cyst?

Nabothian cysts are caused when the mucus glands in the cervix become blocked. This often happens after childbirth, minor trauma to the cervix, or inflammation. When the surface of the cervix heals, it can trap the mucus-producing glands underneath, leading to the formation of a cyst.

How is this diagnosis made?

A nabothian cyst is usually diagnosed during a routine pelvic examination. The cysts appear as small, white, or yellow bumps on the surface of the cervix. In most cases, no further testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis. If necessary, your doctor may use an imaging test like an ultrasound to take a closer look at the cyst, but this is rarely required.

What are the microscopic features of a nabothian cyst?

When examined under a microscope, a nabothian cyst is seen as a sac lined with a layer of mucus-producing cells called columnar epithelial cells. These cells normally produce mucus for the cervix. The cyst contains clear or cloudy mucus inside, and a layer of thin, flat, squamous cells may cover the outer surface of the cyst. These features are typical and confirm that the cyst is benign.