Androgen receptor (AR)

Androgen receptor (AR) is a protein found inside specific cells of your body. It binds to hormones known as androgens, including testosterone. These hormones play key roles in the growth and development of male characteristics, but they also have essential functions in both men and women.

Why do pathologists test for androgen receptor?

Pathologists test for androgen receptor to identify whether cells in a tissue sample respond to androgen hormones. This information helps determine the type of tumour or condition present and guides treatment decisions, especially for cancers sensitive to hormone therapies.

How do pathologists test for androgen receptor?

Pathologists test for androgen receptor using a method called immunohistochemistry. In this test, specific antibodies that attach only to the androgen receptor protein are applied to a thin tissue section placed on a microscope slide. If the androgen receptor is present, a chemical reaction occurs, causing the cells to visibly change colour under a microscope. Cells that show this colour change are called “positive,” indicating the presence of androgen receptor, while cells that do not show a colour change are called “negative.” The receptor is normally found in the nucleus of the cell.

What types of normal cells and tissues will be positive for androgen receptor?

Cells in the prostate gland, skin cells, hair follicles, breast tissue, and specific cells in the reproductive organs normally produce androgen receptor and naturally respond to androgen hormones. Apocrine cells typically express androgen receptor.

What types of tumours will be positive for androgen receptor?

Tumours that commonly test positive for androgen receptor include prostate cancer, breast cancer (particularly certain subtypes), salivary gland tumours, and some cancers of the skin or reproductive organs. Identifying androgen receptor positivity can help determine if these tumours may respond to hormone-related treatments.