OCT3/4

OCT3/4 is a protein found inside certain types of cells. This protein is important because it helps maintain cells in an immature or stem cell-like state. Stem cells are special cells that can develop into many different types of cells in the body. OCT3/4 is especially important during early human development.

Why do pathologists test for OCT3/4?

Pathologists test for OCT3/4 to help identify and classify specific types of tumours, particularly those that originate from germ cells. Germ cells are cells involved in reproduction, such as those found in the ovaries or testicles. Determining if tumour cells are positive for OCT3/4 helps pathologists diagnose and distinguish certain types of cancers from other types of tumours.

How do pathologists test for OCT3/4?

Pathologists use a technique called immunohistochemistry to test for OCT3/4. In this method, a thin section of tissue is placed on a microscope slide, and special antibodies that specifically attach to OCT3/4 proteins are applied. A chemical reaction produces a visible colour change if OCT3/4 is present. This allows pathologists to see if the cells in question contain the OCT3/4 protein when looking under a microscope. Cells are described as “positive” if OCT3/4 is detected and “negative” if it is not.

What types of normal cells and tissues will be positive for OCT3/4?

Normal OCT3/4 positivity is mainly found in germ cells, specifically in cells of early embryos and developing reproductive tissues like ovaries and testicles. In adults, OCT3/4 is not typically found in normal tissues outside of these reproductive areas.

What types of tumours will be positive for OCT3/4?

Tumours originating from germ cells, known as germ cell tumours, commonly test positive for OCT3/4. Examples of OCT3/4-positive tumours include seminoma and embryonal carcinoma, both types of testicular cancers. Additionally, certain ovarian tumours, such as dysgerminoma, may also test positive. Tumours not originating from germ cells typically do not express OCT3/4.