Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive type of breast cancer that starts in the lining of the breast ducts (the tubes that carry milk). Noninvasive means that all the cancer cells are confined to the ducts and glands. They have not broken through the duct wall into nearby breast tissue. Because the cells are …
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Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer. It originates from epithelial cells lining the ducts of the breast and spreads into the surrounding breast tissue. If not treated, invasive ductal carcinoma can spread to other body parts, such as the lymph nodes, bones, and lungs. Another name for this type of …
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The progesterone receptor (PR) is a special type of protein found inside certain cells in the body. It belongs to a group of proteins called nuclear hormone receptors, which control how cells respond to hormones. Progesterone receptors specifically respond to the hormone progesterone, which plays a vital role in reproductive health, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and …
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The estrogen receptor (ER) is a special type of protein found inside certain cells throughout the body. It belongs to a family of proteins known as nuclear hormone receptors, which control how cells respond to hormones. Specifically, estrogen receptors respond to the hormone estrogen, which plays a key role in many important functions within the …
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