DOG1 (Discovered on GIST-1) is a protein found on the surface of certain cells. It is commonly used in pathology to identify specific types of tumours. DOG1 was first identified in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), but it can also be found in other normal tissues and tumours. What is the function of DOG1? Although DOG1’s …
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In pathology, the term neuroendocrine differentiation refers to the presence of cells that show characteristics of both nerve cells (neurons) and hormone-producing (endocrine) cells. This means that the cells have features allowing them to produce, store, and release hormones, similar to how certain cells in the body’s nervous and endocrine systems operate. This trait can …
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Cystic degeneration refers to a process where tissue undergoes changes that result in the formation of fluid-filled structures called cysts. This change develops when the tissue starts to break down or degenerate for various reasons. Cystic degeneration can be caused by several factors, depending on the tissue or organ involved: Aging: As tissues age, they …
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BRAF is a gene that provides instructions for making the BRAF protein, a kinase enzyme that is part of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. In normal, healthy cells, this protein works with other proteins in the MAPK/ERK pathway to regulate cell growth and proliferation. However, a change in the BRAF gene can cause this protein to behave …
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In pathology, columnar mucosa refers to a tissue lined by tall, column-shaped cells with nuclei (the part of the cell that holds the genetic material) located toward the bottom of the cell. These cells are usually taller than they are wide and contain a substance called mucin. Where is columnar mucosa normally found in the …
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Positive for malignancy means that cancer cells were seen in the tissue sample examined under the microscope. It is commonly used to report the results of a small tissue sample such as a core needle biopsy, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), or Pap smear. In pathology, the term “positive” means that something was seen or …
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Definition: Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell (WBC) and part of the body’s immune system. They are part of a group of immune cells called lymphocytes. Plasma cells produce proteins called immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies) that protect our body by sticking to bacteria and viruses. Antibodies can also stick to abnormal …
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