AE1/AE3 is a laboratory test used by pathologists to help identify the origin of a tumour. It works by detecting proteins called cytokeratins — structural proteins found inside epithelial cells, which line the surfaces of organs and glands throughout the body. AE1/AE3 is not a single protein — it is a combination of two antibodies, …
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CDX2 is a protein made by cells that line the inside of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine and the colon. It plays an important role in controlling how these intestinal cells grow and develop. Why do pathologists test for CDX2? Pathologists test for CDX2 to help determine if cells seen in a tissue …
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CD30 is a protein found on the surface of certain cells in the immune system, particularly activated T cells and B cells. It plays a role in regulating cell growth and communication within the immune response. Why do pathologists test for CD30? Pathologists test for CD30 to help diagnose and classify specific types of lymphomas …
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CD68 is a protein normally found on the surface of macrophages, a type of immune cell, and cells related to macrophages. Macrophages help protect your body by engulfing and removing bacteria, damaged cells, and other particles. CD68 helps macrophages carry out their role in the immune response. Why do pathologists test for CD68? Pathologists test …
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CD5 is a protein normally found on the surface of specific immune cells, particularly certain types of lymphocytes (a kind of white blood cell). CD5 helps these immune cells communicate and interact within the immune system, especially in regulating immune responses and preventing autoimmune reactions. Why do pathologists test for CD5? Pathologists test for CD5 …
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CD3 is a protein that is normally made by two types of specialized immune cells, T cells and NK cells. Most lymphomas that start from T and NK cells, including peripheral T cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, also make CD3. Two common tests used to look for CD3 in …
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Synaptophysin is a protein found in certain types of cells, particularly those in the nervous system and in neuroendocrine cells, which are specialized cells that release hormones in response to nerve signals. Synaptophysin is located on small storage sacs called synaptic vesicles, which are used to send messages between nerve cells or to release hormones. Because …
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PAX8 is a protein that helps control the activity of genes in certain types of cells. It acts as a transcription factor, meaning it turns genes on or off to guide how cells grow, develop, and function. PAX8 is especially important during early development and is involved in forming organs such as the thyroid gland, …
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TTF-1 (stands for thyroid transcription factor -1) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in the development and differentiation of the thyroid gland, thymus, lung, and brain. It is a nuclear protein which means it is normally found in a part of the cell called the nucleus. TTF-1 is normally expressed in the …
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GATA3 (GATA binding protein 3) is a protein found in the nucleus of specific cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating how these cells grow and develop by controlling the activity of specific genes. GATA3 is especially important in the normal development of breast tissue, the urinary tract (urothelium), and certain immune cells. What …
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