Mucinous adenocarcinoma is a type of lung cancer and one of the main subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer. This tumour gets its name because the cancer cells produce large amounts of a sticky fluid called mucin. Mucinous adenocarcinoma typically develops in the outer parts of the lungs, and it can sometimes affect multiple areas …
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Pneumocytes are specialized cells found in the lungs. They line tiny air sacs called alveoli. Alveoli are important because they help transfer oxygen from the air you breathe into your blood. They also help remove carbon dioxide from your blood so you can breathe it out. Types of pneumocytes There are two types of pneumocytes, …
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AMACR stands for alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase. It is a protein normally found inside specific cells in your body, including cells in the prostate gland, kidneys, liver, and colon. AMACR helps your body break down fats and other chemicals. In pathology, AMACR is important because some cancers produce significantly more of this protein than healthy cells, making …
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Racemase, also known as alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) or P504S, is a protein produced by certain types of cells in the body. Pathologists use special tests to look for racemase in tissue samples because its presence or absence can help them make a diagnosis, particularly when examining conditions affecting the prostate gland. Although racemase is naturally …
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Polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN) is a condition that affects kidney transplant patients. It happens when a common virus called BK virus becomes active and causes inflammation and injury to the transplanted kidney. If untreated, PVN can damage the kidney and affect its function. A kidney biopsy can help doctors diagnose and manage PVN early. What causes …
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Cytokeratin 34betaE12 (CK34βE12) is a special protein that belongs to a family of proteins called cytokeratins. Cytokeratins form part of the supportive framework inside specific cells known as epithelial cells, which cover surfaces and line organs throughout the body. Specifically, CK34βE12 is a “high molecular weight” cytokeratin, meaning it is larger and helps maintain the …
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Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (often called SDH-deficient RCC) is a rare type of kidney cancer. It occurs when a gene called succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) doesn’t function properly due to mutations. SDH is important for normal cell function and energy production. When this gene isn’t working, it can cause cells in the kidney to grow …
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Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma (TcRCC) is a rare type of kidney cancer. It begins in very small tubes (tubules) and cysts within the kidney. A cyst is a small sac filled with fluid. These tumours typically have a cystic appearance, meaning they contain multiple small cysts. Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma is usually a slow-growing tumour …
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A papillary adenoma is a small, non-cancerous (benign) kidney tumour. It arises from tiny tubes inside the kidney called tubules. Papillary adenomas typically measure less than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inches) in size. They often exhibit a pattern of growth described as papillary, meaning they develop in small, finger-like projections. Sometimes the growth pattern is …
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Chronic active enteritis refers to ongoing (chronic) inflammation in the small intestine, accompanied by recent (active) inflammation. Pathologists use this term after examining a tissue sample under a microscope. They observe a mixture of immune cells that indicates inflammation has been present for an extended period and is currently active. They may also see specific …
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