RET is a gene that encodes a receptor protein involved in signalling pathways that regulate cell growth, survival, and differentiation during normal development. In healthy adult lung tissue, RET activity is minimal. In approximately 1–2% of non-small cell lung cancers, a chromosomal rearrangement fuses the RET gene to a partner gene, creating an abnormal fusion …
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MET (also called c-MET or HGFR — hepatocyte growth factor receptor) is a protein found on the surface of cells that receives signals from a molecule called hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). When HGF binds to MET, it activates signalling pathways that promote cell growth, survival, and movement — processes that are tightly regulated in normal …
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ROS1 is a gene that encodes a receptor protein involved in signalling pathways that regulate cell growth and survival. In healthy adult lung tissue, ROS1 is essentially inactive. In approximately 1–2% of non-small cell lung cancers, a chromosomal rearrangement fuses the ROS1 gene to a partner gene, creating an abnormal fusion protein that is permanently …
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KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer. In the lung, mutations in the KRAS gene are found in approximately 25–30% of non-small cell lung cancers, making it the single most frequently altered driver gene in this disease, more common than EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements. KRAS encodes a protein that …
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ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) is a protein that plays a role in normal cell development. In healthy adult lung tissue, the ALK gene is essentially switched off. In approximately 3–7% of non-small cell lung cancers, a chromosomal rearrangement — a structural change in which a segment of DNA breaks and fuses to a different gene …
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EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) is a protein found on the surface of cells that acts as a switch, turning on signals that tell the cell to grow and divide. In normal tissue, EGFR switches on and off in a controlled way. In some lung cancers, a mutation in the EGFR gene permanently locks the …
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BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that normally protect cells from becoming cancerous. Their job is to repair damaged DNA and keep cell division under control. When one of these genes carries a harmful mutation — a change that prevents the gene from working properly — that protective function is lost, and the risk of developing …
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Ki-67 is a protein found inside cells that are actively dividing. Because cancer cells divide more frequently than normal cells, measuring Ki-67 gives pathologists a way to estimate how quickly a breast cancer is growing. The result is expressed as a percentage — the proportion of cancer cells in active division at the time the …
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HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) is a protein found on the surface of cells that acts like an antenna, receiving signals that tell the cell to grow and divide. In normal breast tissue, HER2 is present in small amounts and plays a controlled role in cell growth. In some breast cancers, the gene …
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The estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are proteins found inside breast cancer cells that respond to the hormones estrogen and progesterone. When a breast cancer test is positive for these receptors, it means the cancer cells are using hormones as fuel to grow. This information is one of the most important results on …
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