A radical cystectomy is the surgical removal of the entire bladder and the surrounding tissues and lymph nodes. It is the standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer and for certain cases of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer that have not responded to other treatments. After the operation, the removed tissue is sent to a pathology laboratory …
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A breast biopsy is a procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the breast and sent to a pathology laboratory for examination. It is the only way to know for certain whether a breast abnormality is cancerous, precancerous, or benign. If you have received a breast biopsy pathology report, you may …
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A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgical procedure that removes one or two lymph nodes, most likely the first stop for cancer cells spreading from a tumour. The removed nodes are sent to a pathology laboratory where a pathologist examines them carefully under the microscope. The resulting pathology report tells your medical team whether …
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A colonoscopy is the most common procedure for examining the large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum. During a colonoscopy, your doctor may remove tissue samples or entire growths from the lining of the colon and send them to a pathology laboratory for examination. The resulting pathology report describes what was found and can …
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A transurethral resection of bladder tumour, almost always referred to by its acronym TURBT, is both the most common procedure used to diagnose bladder cancer and, for many patients, the first step in treating it. After a TURBT, the tissue removed is sent to a pathology laboratory, where a pathologist examines it under the microscope …
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A bone marrow biopsy is one of the most informative tests in medicine for conditions affecting the blood and immune system. If you have received a bone marrow biopsy report, you may be facing a diagnosis of leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, anemia, or another blood disorder — or your doctor may still be working out what …
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A radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the entire prostate gland is removed, along with the seminal vesicles and, in many cases, nearby lymph nodes. It is one of the main treatments for prostate cancer that is confined to the prostate or has spread only to the immediately surrounding tissue. After the surgery, …
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If you have received a kidney transplant, your doctor may order one or more biopsies of the transplanted kidney over the course of your care. Receiving a biopsy report can feel confusing and worrying, especially when the language is unfamiliar. This article explains what a kidney transplant biopsy is, why it is done, what your …
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HPV-independent gastric-type adenocarcinoma is a rare type of cervical cancer that develops from glandular cells in the cervix. Glandular cells normally produce mucus and line the inside of the cervical canal. Unlike most cervical cancers, this tumor is not caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Instead, the tumor cells take on features resembling those …
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HPV-independent squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cervical cancer that develops from squamous cells, the flat cells that cover the outer surface of the cervix. Unlike most cervical cancers, this tumor is not caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Instead, it develops through other genetic and molecular changes that allow squamous cells to …
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