Mallory-Denk bodies are abnormal clumps of protein found inside liver cells called hepatocytes. These protein clumps form when liver cells are injured and can no longer process or dispose of specific structural proteins normally. Mallory–Denk bodies are not a disease by themselves. Instead, they are a microscopic finding that tells pathologists the liver has been …
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Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder of the immune system in which a specific type of immune cell proliferates and accumulates in tissues where it does not normally reside. These abnormal cells resemble Langerhans cells, which are immune cells involved in responding to infection and inflammation. In Langerhans cell histiocytosis, these cells multiply in …
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CIC-DUX4 sarcoma is a rare, aggressive type of soft tissue cancer. It belongs to a group of tumours called undifferentiated round cell sarcomas, meaning the cancer cells look very immature and do not clearly resemble a normal tissue type under the microscope. Most cases are driven by a specific genetic change involving the CIC gene, …
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TERT is a gene that provides instructions for making part of an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase helps maintain structures called telomeres, which protect the ends of chromosomes. TERT is considered a biomarker. A biomarker is a measurable feature in a tumour, such as a gene change, that helps doctors understand how a cancer behaves and …
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Immunophenotyping is a laboratory method used to identify and classify cells based on the proteins they express on their surface or inside the cell. These proteins act like molecular “name tags” that help pathologists determine what type of cell is present, where it came from, and whether it is normal or abnormal. Immunophenotyping is most …
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CD10 is a protein found on the surface of certain cells in the body. In pathology, it is used as an immunohistochemical (IHC) marker — a specialized laboratory stain applied to tissue samples that highlights cells containing this protein. Pathologists use CD10 as part of a panel of markers to identify which cell types are …
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MYC is a gene that provides instructions for making the MYC protein, which plays a major role in controlling how cells grow, divide, and use energy. MYC is considered a biomarker. A biomarker is a measurable feature in a tumour, such as a gene change or protein abnormality, that helps doctors understand how a cancer …
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BCL6 is a gene that provides instructions for making the BCL6 protein, which acts as a transcription factor. A transcription factor is a protein that controls which genes inside a cell are turned on or off. BCL6 is considered a biomarker. A biomarker is a measurable feature in a tumour, such as a gene change …
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BCL2 is a gene that encodes a protein that helps keep cells alive. In healthy tissue, this is a carefully controlled process — BCL2 helps specific cells survive longer when needed, but the signal can be switched off when those cells are no longer required. In some cancers, particularly lymphomas and certain blood cancers, the …
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RET is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein involved in cell growth and development. The RET protein acts as a receptor on the surface of specific cells, where it receives signals that help control how cells grow, divide, and survive. RET is considered a biomarker. A biomarker is a measurable feature in …
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