A radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the entire prostate gland is removed, along with the seminal vesicles and, in many cases, nearby lymph nodes. It is one of the main treatments for prostate cancer that is confined to the prostate or has spread only to the immediately surrounding tissue. After the surgery, …
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If you have received a kidney transplant, your doctor may order one or more biopsies of the transplanted kidney over the course of your care. Receiving a biopsy report can feel confusing and worrying, especially when the language is unfamiliar. This article explains what a kidney transplant biopsy is, why it is done, what your …
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HPV-independent gastric-type adenocarcinoma is a rare type of cervical cancer that develops from glandular cells in the cervix. Glandular cells normally produce mucus and line the inside of the cervical canal. Unlike most cervical cancers, this tumor is not caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Instead, the tumor cells take on features resembling those …
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HPV-independent squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cervical cancer that develops from squamous cells, the flat cells that cover the outer surface of the cervix. Unlike most cervical cancers, this tumor is not caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Instead, it develops through other genetic and molecular changes that allow squamous cells to …
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Malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary is a rare type of ovarian cancer that develops from cells resembling those that line the urinary tract. It belongs to a family of ovarian tumors called Brenner tumors, which range from entirely benign to malignant. Most Brenner tumors are noncancerous, and malignant Brenner tumor is the rarest type, …
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Undifferentiated carcinoma of the ovary is a rare and aggressive type of ovarian cancer. It is called “undifferentiated” because the tumor cells have lost nearly all of the features that normally help identify what type of cell they came from. Under the microscope, they look so abnormal and featureless that the pathologist cannot classify them …
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Dedifferentiated carcinoma of the endometrium is an aggressive type of cancer that starts in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It is called “dedifferentiated” because the tumour comprises two components: an undifferentiated carcinoma component and a second differentiated component. The differentiated component is most often a low-grade form of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (FIGO …
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Undifferentiated carcinoma of the endometrium is an aggressive type of cancer that starts in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It is called “undifferentiated” because the tumour cells do not show clear features indicating which type of normal cell they came from. In other words, when the tumour is examined under the microscope, …
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip is a type of cancer that begins in squamous cells, the flat cells that form the surface layer of the lip. These cells normally create a protective barrier on the outside of the lip. When squamous cells grow uncontrolled and invade deeper tissues, the condition is called squamous cell …
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Mucosal melanoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is a rare, fast-growing cancer that arises from melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment (melanin) in the lining of the nose and sinuses. The nasal cavity is the space behind the nose through which air passes into the lungs, and the paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces …
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