A breast biopsy is a procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the breast and sent to a pathology laboratory for examination. It is the only way to know for certain whether a breast abnormality is cancerous, precancerous, or benign. If you have received a breast biopsy pathology report, you may …
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A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgical procedure that removes one or two lymph nodes, most likely the first stop for cancer cells spreading from a tumour. The removed nodes are sent to a pathology laboratory where a pathologist examines them carefully under the microscope. The resulting pathology report tells your medical team whether …
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A colonoscopy is the most common procedure for examining the large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum. During a colonoscopy, your doctor may remove tissue samples or entire growths from the lining of the colon and send them to a pathology laboratory for examination. The resulting pathology report describes what was found and can …
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A transurethral resection of bladder tumour, almost always referred to by its acronym TURBT, is both the most common procedure used to diagnose bladder cancer and, for many patients, the first step in treating it. After a TURBT, the tissue removed is sent to a pathology laboratory, where a pathologist examines it under the microscope …
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A bone marrow biopsy is one of the most informative tests in medicine for conditions affecting the blood and immune system. If you have received a bone marrow biopsy report, you may be facing a diagnosis of leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, anemia, or another blood disorder — or your doctor may still be working out what …
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A radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the entire prostate gland is removed, along with the seminal vesicles and, in many cases, nearby lymph nodes. It is one of the main treatments for prostate cancer that is confined to the prostate or has spread only to the immediately surrounding tissue. After the surgery, …
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If you have received a kidney transplant, your doctor may order one or more biopsies of the transplanted kidney over the course of your care. Receiving a biopsy report can feel confusing and worrying, especially when the language is unfamiliar. This article explains what a kidney transplant biopsy is, why it is done, what your …
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HPV-independent gastric-type adenocarcinoma is a rare type of cervical cancer that develops from glandular cells in the cervix. Glandular cells normally produce mucus and line the cervical canal. This cancer is called HPV-independent because it develops without infection by human papillomavirus (HPV). Instead, the tumor cells show features resembling those of cells found in the stomach, …
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HPV-independent squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cervical cancer that develops from squamous cells, the flat cells that cover the outer surface of the cervix. Unlike most cervical cancers, this tumor is not caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Instead, the cancer develops through other molecular changes that allow squamous cells to grow …
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Malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary is a rare type of ovarian cancer that develops from cells resembling those that line the urinary tract. It belongs to a family of ovarian tumors called Brenner tumors, which range from entirely benign to malignant. Most Brenner tumors are noncancerous, and malignant Brenner tumor is the rarest type, …
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