by Katherina Baranova MD and Matt Cecchini MD FRCPC
March 25, 2023

What is a typical carcinoid tumour of the lung?

A typical carcinoid tumour is a slow-growing type of lung cancer made up of neuroendocrine cells. In the lung, this tumour starts from the neuroendocrine cells normally found in the walls of the airways and is often located in the central part of the lung near the heart. Another name for this tumour is a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour.

Can a typical carcinoid tumour spread to other parts of the body?

Yes, the cells in a typical carcinoma tumour can spread to other parts of the body.

Is a typical carcinoid tumour benign or malignant?

All typical carcinoid tumours are considered malignant (cancerous) tumours because they have the potential to spread to other parts of the body.

What are the symptoms of a typical carcinoid tumour?

The symptoms of a typical carcinoid tumour vary depending on the size and location of the tumour in the lung. Larger tumours and those located near the central airways (middle of the chest) may result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, persistent cough, wheezing, and coughing up blood-tinged mucus. Smaller tumours and those involving the peripheral airways (outside of the chest) may not cause any symptoms and may only be found when imaging is performed for other reasons.

What is carcinoid syndrome?

The neuroendocrine cells in a typical carcinoid tumour can make and release hormones such as serotonin. The extra serotonin can cause symptoms such as flushing and diarrhea. Doctors describe these symptoms as carcinoid syndrome. These symptoms atypically only occur if the tumour has spread to the liver.

How is a typical carcinoid tumour diagnosed?

The diagnosis of typical carcinoid is usually made after a small sample of tissue is removed from the lung in a procedure called a biopsy or a fine needle aspiration (FNA). However, imaging can also lead a doctor to suspect carcinoid. Surgery may be performed to remove the entire tumour and you may see the name of the procedure performed in your pathology report. The name will depend on the amount of tissue removed.

What does a typical carcinoid tumour look like under the microscope?

When examined under the microscope, typical carcinoid tumours are made up of cells that all look very similar. Pathologists often describe the nucleus of the cell as “salt and pepper” because the chromatin or genetic material looks like small dark dots on a white background.

In order to make the diagnosis of a typical carcinoid tumour, your pathologists will count the number of mitotic figures (tumour cells dividing to create new tumour cells). The diagnosis of a typical carcinoid tumour in the lung requires less than 2 mitotic figures over an area of 2 square millimetres or 10 high-powered fields of magnification. There must also be no evidence of a type of cell death called necrosis.

These features are important because tumours with more than 2 mitotic figures with or without necrosis are classified as an atypical carcinoid tumour. Your pathologist will make this distinction because atypical carcinoid tumours have a higher risk of spreading to other parts of your body or growing back in the lung after treatment.

What other tests may be performed to confirm the diagnosis?

Your pathologist may perform a test called immunohistochemistry to confirm the diagnosis. The results will be described as positive (reactive) or negative (non-reactive). The tumour cells in a typical carcinoid tumour are often positive for neuroendocrine markers such as synaptophysin, chromogranin, and CD56. The cells are also positive for TTF-1. In addition, since carcinoid shows a slow rate of cell division, the Ki-67 proliferation index (a type of immunohistochemistry that highlights dividing cells) is often reported as low.

What is a margin and why are margins important?

To remove a tumour from the lung, normal lung tissue, blood vessels, and airways all have to be cut. Any tissue that is cut when removing a tumour is called a margin and all margins are examined closely for any microscopic evidence of tumour.

If no tumour cells are seen at any of the cut edges of tissue, the margins are called negative. A margin is considered positive when there are tumour cells at the edge of the cut tissue. A positive margin is associated with a higher risk that tumour will re-grow (local recurrence) in the same site after treatment.

Were lymph nodes examined and did any contain tumour cells?

Lymph nodes are small immune organs located throughout the body. Tumour cells can spread from the tumour to a lymph node through lymphatic channels located in and around the tumour. The movement of tumour cells from the tumour to a lymph node is called metastasis.

Lymph nodes from the neck, chest, and lungs may be removed at the same time as the tumour. These lymph nodes are divided into areas called stations. There are 14 different stations in the neck, chest, and lungs. Your pathology report will describe the number of lymph nodes examined from each station.

Stations that may be described in your report:

• Station 1 – Lower cervical, supraclavicular, and sternal notch lymph nodes.
• Station 2 – Upper paratracheal lymph nodes.
• Station 3 – Prevascular and retrotracheal lymph nodes.
• Station 4 – Lower paratracheal lymph nodes.
• Station 5 – Subaortic lymph nodes (aorto-pulmonary window).
• Station 6 – Paraaortic lymph nodes (ascending aorta or phrenic).
• Station 7 – Subcarinal lymph nodes.
• Station 8 – Paraesophageal lymph nodes (below carina).
• Station 9 – Pulmonary ligament lymph nodes.
• Station 10 – Hilar lymph nodes.
• Station 11 – Interlobar lymph nodes.
• Station 12 – Lobar lymph nodes.
• Station 13 – Segmental lymph nodes.
• Station 14 – Subsegmental lymph nodes.

Your pathologist will carefully examine each lymph node for tumour cells. Lymph nodes that contain tumour cells are often called positive while those that do not contain any tumour cells are called negative. If tumour cells are found in a lymph node, the station of the positive lymph node will be described in your report.

Finding tumour cells in a lymph node increases the nodal stage (see Pathologic stage below) and is associated with a worse prognosis. The nodal stage selected will depend on where the lymph node with tumour cells was located (the station).

How do pathologists determine the pathologic stage for a typical carcinoid tumour of the lung?

​Typical carcinoid tumours are staged using the TNM system. This system uses information about the primary tumour (T), lymph nodes (N), and distant metastatic disease (M) to determine the complete pathologic stage (pTNM). Your pathologist will examine the tissue submitted and give each part a number. In general, a higher number means more advanced disease and a worse prognosis. The pathologic stage will only be described in your report after the entire tumour has been removed. It will not be included after a biopsy.

Tumour stage (pT) for typical carcinoid tumour

Typical carcinoid is given a tumour stage between 1 and 4 based on the size of the tumour, the number of tumours found in the tissue examined, and whether the tumour has broken through the pleural or has spread to organs around the lungs.

Nodal stage (pN) for typical carcinoid tumour

Typical carcinoid is given a nodal stage between 0 and 3 based on the presence or absence of tumour cells in a lymph node and the location of the lymph nodes that contain tumour cells.

• NX – No lymph nodes were sent for pathologic examination.
• N0 – No tumour cells were found in any of the lymph nodes examine
• N1 – Tumour cells were found in at least one lymph node from inside the lung or around the large airways leading into the lung. This stage includes stations 10 through 14.
• N2 -Tumour cells were found in at least one lymph node from the tissue in the middle of the chest and around the large airways. This stage includes stations 7 through 9.
• N3 – Tumour cells were found in the neck or in any lymph nodes on the side of the body opposite (contralateral) to the tumour. This stage includes stations 1 through 6.

Metastatic stage (pM) for typical carcinoid tumour

Typical carcinoid is given a metastatic stage of 0 or 1 based on the presence of tumour cells in the lung on the opposite side of the body or at a distant body site (for example the brain). The metastatic stage can only be determined if tissue from the opposite lung or distant site is sent for pathological examination. Because this tissue is rarely present, the metastatic stage cannot be determined and is listed as pMX.