HPV associated squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in squamous cells, which are flat cells that line many parts of the body. It is caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that can cause changes in these cells over time. This type of cancer is different from cancers caused by other factors, such as smoking or alcohol, because it has distinct biological features and often responds well to treatment.
The symptoms of HPV associated squamous cell carcinoma depend on where in the body the cancer develops. Common symptoms include:
If you experience any of these symptoms for more than two weeks, it is important to see a doctor for further evaluation.
This cancer is caused by high-risk types of HPV, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18. HPV spreads through direct contact, including sexual activity. The virus can cause changes in the DNA of squamous cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and, eventually, cancer. While many people are exposed to HPV, most will not develop cancer. Factors such as a weakened immune system or long-term HPV infection may increase the risk.
HPV associated squamous cell carcinoma most commonly develops in the cervix and the oropharynx (throat, including the tonsils and the base of the tongue). It can also arise in the vagina, vulva, and anal canal. These areas are lined by squamous cells that can be affected by high-risk HPV.
Metastatic means the cancer has spread from its original location to other body parts, such as nearby lymph nodes or distant organs. When this happens, the cancer may require more intensive treatment. However, even metastatic HPV associated squamous cell carcinoma often responds well to treatment compared to non-HPV-related cancers.
The diagnosis of HPV associated squamous cell carcinoma depends on the location of the tumor:
Pathologists use this tissue to confirm the presence of squamous cell carcinoma and determine if it is associated with HPV.
Under the microscope, this cancer often shows clusters of abnormal squamous cells growing irregularly. The tumor cells typically lack keratin (a protein found in normal squamous cells) and have large, irregularly shaped nuclei. These features are consistent with a non-keratinizing type of squamous cell carcinoma commonly associated with HPV.
Pathologists often use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to test for a protein called p16, which is produced in high amounts by HPV-infected cells. A positive p16 test strongly suggests that the cancer is associated with HPV. Other tests, such as in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), may be used to detect HPV DNA or RNA in the tumor directly.
HPV associated squamous cell carcinoma generally has a better prognosis than cancers not related to HPV. Most patients respond well to treatment, including surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Survival rates are high, especially for cancers diagnosed early. However, lifestyle factors like smoking can negatively affect prognosis, so quitting smoking is strongly recommended.