Positive for malignancy

The phrase positive for malignancy means that cancer cells were seen in the tissue or cell sample when it was examined under the microscope. In pathology, the term malignant is used to describe cancer, and positive means that something—in this case, cancer—was found.

This phrase is commonly used in small tissue samples, such as core needle biopsies, fine needle aspirations (FNA), and cytology samples, including Pap smears and fluid specimens from the lungs or abdomen.

What does malignancy mean?

The word malignancy is another way of saying cancer. A malignant tumour is cancerous, which means it has the potential to grow quickly, invade nearby tissues, and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. This is different from a benign tumour, which does not spread and is not considered cancer.

When a pathology report says “positive for malignancy,” it means that the sample contains malignant (cancerous) cells.

Does a positive result for malignancy specify the type of cancer?

No. The phrase positive for malignancy only tells us that cancer is present—it does not provide the specific type or origin of the cancer. In some cases, especially when only a small sample is available, the exact kind of cancer may not be immediately clear.

Additional information is needed to answer questions like:

• What kind of cancer is it (for example, carcinoma, lymphoma, or melanoma)?

• Did the cancer start in this location (a primary tumour), or did it spread from somewhere else in the body (a metastasis)?

To answer these questions, pathologists often perform additional tests, including immunohistochemistry, molecular tests, or genetic studies. Your doctor may also order more imaging or follow-up biopsies.

What types of cancer can be described as positive for malignancy?

The phrase positive for malignancy can apply to many different kinds of cancer, including:

• Carcinoma – Cancer that starts in epithelial cells, which line the skin, airways, digestive tract, and many internal organs. This is the most common type of cancer.

• Lymphoma – Cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system.

• Melanoma – Cancer that arises from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin, eyes, and other mucosal surfaces.

• Sarcoma – A less common cancer that starts in connective tissues, such as muscle, fat, bone, or cartilage.

The term may be used broadly until more detailed testing can be done to determine the exact diagnosis.

What happens after a positive for malignancy result?

A result that is positive for malignancy is the starting point for further evaluation. Your healthcare team will use this information to plan the next steps, which may include:

• Identifying the exact type of cancer.

• Determining whether the tumour is primary or metastatic.

• Finding out how far the cancer has spread (staging).

• Choosing the most appropriate treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Depending on your situation, your doctor may recommend:

• Imaging studies (such as CT, MRI, or PET scans).

• Blood tests.

• A larger biopsy.

• Referral to a cancer specialist (oncologist).

Your doctor will explain the next steps and guide you through the process of confirming the diagnosis and starting treatment.

Questions to ask your doctor

• What kind of cancer do I have?

• Where did the cancer start?

• Do we need more tests to determine the type or stage?

• What treatment options are available?

• Should I see a cancer specialist or have additional imaging?