In pathology, the term low grade describes cells that look abnormal under the microscope but still share some features with normal, healthy cells. To determine if cells are low grade, pathologists compare them to the normal cells typically found in the same part of the body. Low grade is different from high grade, which describes cells that …
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Endometrial serous carcinoma is an aggressive type of cancer that starts in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It is considered a high-grade tumour, meaning it has a higher chance of spreading beyond the uterus compared to some other types of endometrial cancer. Unlike endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, which is often linked to excess …
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Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that begins from specialized cells lining the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, with most tumours appearing in the bladder. This cancer is called low-grade because, under the microscope, the tumour cells look quite similar to normal, healthy urothelial cells. …
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The Nottingham histologic grade (or modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade) is a system pathologists use to evaluate breast cancer under the microscope. It helps determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and provides important information for planning treatment. The grade is based on how different the cancer cells look from normal breast cells and how quickly they are …
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Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is a slow-growing type of head and neck cancer. A genetic alteration involving the EWSR1 gene is found in most tumours. This type of cancer is typically found in minor salivary glands in the lip, tongue, buccal mucosa (inner cheeks), gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate (the roof of the …
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What is a yolk sac tumour? Yolk sac tumour is a type of cancer. In males, the tumour often starts in the testicle where it is part of a group of cancers known as germ-cell tumours. Yolk sac tumour is the most common type of testicular tumour in young children and it typically responds well …
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Malignant neoplasm is a medical term for a cancerous tumour. It is a general term that includes many different types of cancer. These tumours can start anywhere in the body, and their specific type depends on the kinds of cells found inside them. Some common examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, melanoma, and lymphomas. …
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Isolated tumour cells (sometimes shortened to ITCs) are tiny clusters of cancer cells found in a lymph node. These cells have spread from a cancer located somewhere else in the body, a process called metastasis. To be classified as isolated tumour cells, the cluster must be very small—either fewer than 200 cancer cells or smaller …
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A sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node or group of lymph nodes that cancer cells are most likely to reach if they begin to spread from the primary tumour. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system, a network that helps the body fight infections and remove waste. …
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Lynch syndrome is an inherited condition that significantly increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, most commonly colorectal (colon and rectal) cancer and endometrial (uterine) cancer. It is caused by an inherited change in one of the genes responsible for making mismatch repair (MMR) proteins — a group of proteins that normally find …
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