Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare and aggressive type of sarcoma — a cancer that arises from soft tissue. It is called epithelioid because its tumor cells are round and pink-staining, resembling the epithelial cells that normally line the surfaces of organs, even though the tumor does not actually arise from those cells. Epithelioid sarcoma most …
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Myoepithelial carcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in the salivary glands. It develops from myoepithelial cells, which are specialized cells normally found in the salivary gland. This tumour can arise on its own or from a pre-existing noncancerous tumour called pleomorphic adenoma. Myoepithelial carcinoma is typically a slow-growing type of cancer, but it can …
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Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a type of salivary gland cancer that develops from within a previously benign (noncancerous) tumour called pleomorphic adenoma. In pathology, carcinoma is a general term used to describe a group of malignant (cancerous) tumours made up of epithelial cells, while “ex” means “out of” or “from”. Put together, carcinoma ex …
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ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of cancer that starts in T cells, which are specialized white blood cells that help the body fight infections. Because it begins in immune system cells, it is classified as a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). This disease can start in many different parts of the body. Common …
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A malignant spindle cell neoplasm is a type of cancer made up of spindle-shaped cells. Under the microscope, these cells look long and narrow, similar to the shape of a spindle (a pointed rod used for spinning thread). This diagnosis describes how the cells look under the microscope but does not identify the exact type …
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ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of cancer that starts in T cells, which are specialized white blood cells that normally help the body fight infections. Because it develops from immune cells, it is classified as a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). This disease most often involves lymph nodes, but it can also appear …
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BRAF is a gene that gives instructions to make the BRAF protein, an enzyme that helps control how cells grow and divide. The BRAF protein is part of a signaling system in the cell known as the MAPK/ERK pathway, which normally functions as a switch to instruct cells when to grow and when to stop. In …
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What is SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma? SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in the nasal cavity or one of the paranasal sinuses. It is an aggressive tumour that quickly grows into surrounding organs and tissues in the head. Other names for this type of cancer include INI1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma and SWI/SNF-deficient …
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What is clear cell chondrosarcoma? Clear cell chondrosarcoma is a slow-growing type of cancer made up of cartilage. This type of cancer is typically found in the femur (long bone of the leg) or the humerus (long bone of the arm) where it affects the epiphysis (end of the bone). What is cartilage? Cartilage is …
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Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of cancer of the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx sits in the neck and plays an essential role in breathing, swallowing, and producing speech. It is divided into three regions, called subsites: Supraglottis — The upper part of the larynx above the vocal …
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