Atypical mitosis refers to abnormal cell division. Normally, cells divide evenly through a process called mitosis, where each new cell receives an equal amount of genetic material (DNA). However, sometimes errors occur during this process, causing the new cells to receive an uneven or abnormal amount of DNA. Pathologists describe these abnormal divisions as “atypical …
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What does H. pylori mean in a pathology report? H. pylori stands for Helicobacter pylori and it is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach. It is a common bacteria that may be found throughout the world. Most people who are infected with Helicobacter will not experience any symptoms. However, in some people, the …
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach. It is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide, usually acquired during childhood. H. pylori is unique because it can survive in the stomach’s acidic environment. It produces an enzyme called urease, which neutralizes stomach acid, allowing the bacteria to colonize …
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EBER stands for Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs. These are small, non-coding RNAs produced by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpesvirus family. EBERs are among the most abundant viral RNAs present in EBV-infected cells. There are two main types, EBER1 and EBER2. Despite their high abundance in EBV-infected cells, the exact functions of …
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Antibodies also known as immunoglobulins are a special type of protein made by plasma cells. These special proteins protect our bodies by sticking to bacteria and viruses, which makes them easier to remove from the body. They can also stick to abnormal cells or cells that have stopped functioning normally. A plasma cell neoplasm is …
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Extranodal extension (ENE) is a term pathologists use when cancer cells spread outside a lymph node into the surrounding tissue. Lymph nodes are small immune organs that help filter harmful substances and are often one of the first places cancer spreads. Normally, cancer cells that travel to a lymph node stay inside the lymph node’s …
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Ring sideroblasts are immature red blood cells (cells that are still developing in the bone marrow) that contain too much iron. Instead of being stored in the normal location, the iron builds up inside the developing red blood cell and forms a ring-shaped pattern around the nucleus, which is the control center of the cell. …
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A karyotype is a laboratory test that looks at a person’s chromosomes. Chromosomes are long, organized structures made of DNA, which carry the genetic instructions that tell your body how to grow and function. In a karyotype test, the chromosomes are stained with a special dye and examined under a microscope. This allows doctors to …
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In transit metastasis is a term used to describe cancer that has spread beyond the original tumour but has not yet reached the lymph nodes or distant organs. Instead, the cancer cells travel through small lymphatic vessels and form new tumours between the primary tumour and the nearest lymph nodes. This type of spread is …
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A tumour deposit is a group of cancer cells that has spread from the original tumour (primary tumour) to another location in the body. These cancer cells can spread locally, meaning they stay close to the primary tumour or travel to distant organs or tissues. When tumour cells spread to distant organs, the deposits are …
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