The Fuhrman grade is a system used to classify the aggressiveness of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the most common type of kidney cancer. Developed by Gary A. Fuhrman in the 1980s, this grading system helps pathologists and oncologists evaluate how cancer cells look under a microscope compared to normal kidney cells. The Fuhrman …
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In pathology, the term “exophytic” refers to a growth pattern of a tumor or lesion that projects outward from the surface of the tissue. This growth pattern contrasts with endophytic growths, which extend inward into the tissue beneath the surface. Exophytic growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and are characterized by their outward …
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Epithelial cells are specialized cells normally found on the surface of an organ or tissue. They connect to form a thin barrier called an epithelium. Cancers that arise from these cells are called carcinomas. Epithelial cells are divided into different types based on their shape, size, function, and location. Some are flat and thin, some …
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Cautery artifact is a term pathologists use to describe changes in the appearance of cells and tissue caused by heat during a surgical procedure. These changes are not related to disease — they are a side effect of a common surgical tool called electrocautery, which uses electrical heat to cut tissue and seal bleeding blood …
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CD34 is a protein found on the surface of specific cells in your body, mainly stem cells (cells that can develop into various other types of cells), endothelial cells (blood vessel cells), and specific blood-forming cells. It plays an important role in cell growth and development, especially in forming new blood vessels and blood cells. …
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Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is an early form of cancer in which abnormal cells are confined to the epithelium, the layer of tissue where they first developed, and have not yet spread into the surrounding tissue. “In situ” is Latin for “in its original place.” Because the cells have not broken through the basement membrane — the …
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Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in epithelial cells — the cells that line the surfaces and cavities of the body, both inside and out. Epithelial cells cover the skin, line the digestive tract, and form the inner surfaces of organs such as the lungs, breasts, prostate, and cervix. Because epithelial cells are …
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Adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, is a type of body tissue made up of cells called adipocytes. These cells store energy, help cushion and protect internal organs, and provide insulation to maintain body temperature. Adipose tissue surrounds many organs throughout the body and is a normal part of the tissue layers examined in pathology …
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Adenosquamous carcinoma is a type of cancer that contains two distinct cell types within the same tumor: glandular cells and squamous cells. Glandular cells normally produce and release substances such as mucus or enzymes, while squamous cells form the flat surface layers of the skin and line many internal organs. Because it contains both cell …
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A resection is a surgical procedure performed to remove an area of abnormal tissue such as a tumour from the body. A resection usually removes all of the abnormal tissue plus some surrounding normal tissue. The tissue removed is called a specimen and the cut edge of the tissue is called the margin. This type …
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