Urea is a waste product your body makes when it breaks down protein. Your liver produces it, your blood carries it, and your kidneys remove it in your urine. Measuring how much urea remains in your blood is one of the oldest and most widely used ways to check how well your kidneys clear waste. …
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A pilomatricoma is a noncancerous growth that develops from the cells at the base of a hair follicle, the structures in the skin that make hair. It is one of the commonest lumps removed from a child’s skin. Your report may use a different spelling or an older name. Pilomatrixoma means the same thing, as …
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A juvenile polyp is a noncancerous growth that forms in the lining of the colon or rectum. It is the most common type of polyp in children, and it is the usual explanation for painless bleeding from the bottom. The word juvenile here describes what the polyp looks like under the microscope, not the age …
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A sacrococcygeal teratoma is a growth made of several different kinds of tissue that develops at the base of the spine, in the area of the tailbone. It is the most common tumor found in newborn babies, affecting roughly 1 in every 35,000 to 40,000 births. It occurs about three to four times more often …
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Sarcoma with BCOR genetic alterations is an uncommon cancer that develops most often in bone and less often in the soft tissues. It belongs to a group called undifferentiated round cell sarcomas, meaning the tumor cells look very immature and do not resemble any normal tissue under the microscope. It accounts for roughly 4 percent …
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Ependymoma is a tumor that grows from ependymal cells. These cells line the fluid-filled spaces of the brain and the narrow central canal running down the middle of the spinal cord. Ependymomas can develop anywhere along that lining, from the top of the brain to the bottom of the spine where the tumor starts matters …
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Glypican-3 is a protein on the outer surface of cells that helps control signals that tell a cell whether to grow. The liver and other organs in a developing baby make large amounts before birth, and production almost stops afterward. Healthy liver tissue in a child or adult makes very little of it. Because normal …
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Beta-catenin is a protein found in almost every cell in the body. It does two jobs. It helps hold neighboring cells together at their surfaces. It also carries growth signals from the surface of a cell into the nucleus, the compartment where the genetic material is kept. Pathologists test for beta-catenin using a stain applied …
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INI1 is a protein found in the nucleus of every normal cell in the body. It is made by a gene called SMARCB1, and you may see either name in your report. Some laboratories write INI1, some write SMARCB1, and a few write BAF47. All three refer to the same thing. INI1 is a tumor …
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Alpha-fetoprotein, usually shortened to AFP, is a protein made in large amounts by the liver and the yolk sac of a developing baby before birth. After birth, the amount falls steadily, and by around 8 months of age it reaches the low level found in healthy older children and adults. AFP appears in pathology and …
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