Periosteal osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that grows on the outer surface of a bone. It is a type of osteosarcoma, a group of cancers in which the tumor cells make new bone. Periosteal osteosarcoma accounts for only about 1 to 2% of all osteosarcomas. The tumor starts beneath the periosteum, the thin layer …
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Telangiectatic osteosarcoma is a rare type of osteosarcoma, a bone cancer made of bone-producing cells. It makes up fewer than 4 in 100 osteosarcomas. Telangiectatic describes widened blood vessels. Most of this tumor is made of large spaces filled with blood, separated by thin walls that contain the cancer cells. This gives the tumor a …
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Congo red is a special stain pathologists use to detect amyloid, an abnormal protein that can build up in tissues and organs. Amyloid can damage the heart, kidneys, nerves, and other organs. The Congo red stain is the standard test for confirming amyloid in a tissue sample. Congo red is a test, not a diagnosis. …
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A lambda light chain is one of the two types of light chains, a small piece that forms part of every antibody. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins made by B cells and plasma cells to fight infection. Each antibody contains either two lambda light chains or two kappa light chains, never a mix. Pathologists …
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A kappa light chain is one of the two types of light chains, a small piece that forms part of every antibody. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins made by B cells and plasma cells to fight infection. Each antibody contains either two kappa light chains or two lambda light chains, never a mix. Pathologists …
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Chondrosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that forms from cartilage. Cartilage is the firm, smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones in joints and gives shape to the ear and nose. In chondrosarcoma, the cancer cells produce cartilage instead of bone. Chondrosarcoma is one of the most common bone cancers in adults. It …
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CD79a is a protein found in B cells, a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. It forms part of the receptor that B cells use to recognize germs. Pathologists test for CD79a to confirm that the cells in a lymphoma or leukemia are B cells. It is especially useful in tumors that have …
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MUM1 is a protein that helps control how certain immune cells mature. It is found in plasma cells, which make antibodies, and in B cells that are close to becoming plasma cells. Pathologists test for MUM1 to help classify lymphomas and plasma cell tumors. MUM1 is also called IRF4, the name of the gene that …
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Brachyury is a protein that helps control how the body develops before birth. It is made by the notochord, a rod of cells in the early embryo that guides the formation of the spine. Pathologists test for brachyury to help diagnose chordoma, a rare cancer that develops from leftover notochord cells. The gene that makes …
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H3K27me3 is a chemical tag found on histones, the proteins that DNA wraps around inside the nucleus of every cell. The tag helps keep certain genes switched off. Pathologists test for H3K27me3 to help diagnose some tumors of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord. In these tumors, the tag is often missing, and pathologists call …
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