High grade describes cells that look very different from the normal cells in the same part of the body. Pathologists use the term for both cancers and precancerous conditions. High grade conditions tend to grow faster than low grade ones. They are also more likely to spread or to turn into cancer. This article explains …
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Moderately differentiated describes tumor cells that look partly like normal cells and partly abnormal. It is the middle category in many grading systems. Pathologists also call it intermediate grade or grade 2. A moderately differentiated tumor usually behaves somewhere between a well differentiated and a poorly differentiated tumor. This article explains what moderately differentiated means, …
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FOXL2 is a gene and the protein it makes. The FOXL2 protein helps the ovary develop and keeps ovarian cells working normally. Pathologists test for FOXL2 in two ways. A protein test helps identify sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. A gene test looks for one specific change that almost every adult granulosa cell tumor …
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A reticulin stain is a special stain that pathologists use to see a fine network of fibers in tissue. These fibers, called reticulin fibers, form a thin supporting mesh in many organs. The stain colors the fibers black, so the pathologist can see their pattern. Changes in this mesh help pathologists diagnose conditions of the …
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EXT1 and EXT2 are two genes that help bones grow normally. Changes in either gene cause a condition called hereditary multiple osteochondromas. People with this condition develop many bony growths, called osteochondromas, during childhood. Pathologists see these genes mentioned in reports on osteochondromas and on chondrosarcomas that grow from them. This article explains what the …
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SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a rare, fast-growing type of cancer that starts in the nasal cavity or the sinuses. The tumor cells have lost a protein called SMARCA4, also known as BRG1. Pathologists confirm the diagnosis by showing that this protein is missing from the tumor cells. SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is one of two types …
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Collecting duct carcinoma is a rare type of kidney cancer that starts in the collecting ducts. These are small tubes deep in the center of the kidney that carry urine toward the renal pelvis. It is also called collecting duct renal cell carcinoma or carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini. Collecting duct carcinoma tends …
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Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter is a cancer that starts in the lining of the upper urinary tract. The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped space inside the kidney where urine collects. The ureter is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. Both are lined by urothelial cells, the …
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PALB2 is a gene that helps cells repair damaged DNA. People born with a harmful change in one copy of the PALB2 gene have a higher-than-average risk of breast cancer. They also have a small increase in the risk of ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer in men. There is no widely used syndrome …
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Benign prostate tissue is the result given when a pathologist examines tissue from the prostate gland and finds no cancer. Benign means the cells and tissue examined are not cancerous. Your report may use a different phrase for the same result, such as negative for malignancy, benign prostatic tissue, or no evidence of carcinoma. A benign result …
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