A surgical margin is the edge of the tissue removed during an operation. When a pathologist examines that tissue, a key question is whether any tumor reaches the edge. The answer appears in the margins section of your pathology report, and it helps your care team decide whether more treatment is needed. Surgical margins are …
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Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is a rare, fast-growing cancer. It starts in cells with features of neuroendocrine cells, which can release hormones into the blood. Doctors often call it sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma. Two main types exist: small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma is a …
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DEK::AFF2 squamous cell carcinoma is a rare type of squamous cell carcinoma that starts most often in the nasal cavity or the sinuses. It is defined by a change in which two genes, called DEK and AFF2, are joined together inside the tumor cells. Your report may call this tumor DEK::AFF2 carcinoma or nonkeratinizing squamous …
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Hyalinization is a change in tissue that makes it look pink, smooth, and glassy under the microscope. Pathologists describe tissue with this change as hyalinized, and the glassy material itself as hyaline. Hyalinization is a description of what the pathologist saw, not a diagnosis. It appears in many conditions, both noncancerous and cancerous, and most …
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High grade describes cells that look very different from the normal cells in the same part of the body. Pathologists use the term for both cancers and precancerous conditions. High grade conditions tend to grow faster than low grade ones. They are also more likely to spread or to turn into cancer. This article explains …
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Moderately differentiated describes tumor cells that look partly like normal cells and partly abnormal. It is the middle category in many grading systems. Pathologists also call it intermediate grade or grade 2. A moderately differentiated tumor usually behaves somewhere between a well differentiated and a poorly differentiated tumor. This article explains what moderately differentiated means, …
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FOXL2 is a gene and the protein it makes. The FOXL2 protein helps the ovary develop and keeps ovarian cells working normally. Pathologists test for FOXL2 in two ways. A protein test helps identify sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. A gene test looks for one specific change that almost every adult granulosa cell tumor …
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A reticulin stain is a special stain that pathologists use to see a fine network of fibers in tissue. These fibers, called reticulin fibers, form a thin supporting mesh in many organs. The stain colors the fibers black, so the pathologist can see their pattern. Changes in this mesh help pathologists diagnose conditions of the …
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EXT1 and EXT2 are two genes that help bones grow normally. Changes in either gene cause a condition called hereditary multiple osteochondromas. People with this condition develop many bony growths, called osteochondromas, during childhood. Pathologists see these genes mentioned in reports on osteochondromas and on chondrosarcomas that grow from them. This article explains what the …
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SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a rare, fast-growing type of cancer that starts in the nasal cavity or the sinuses. The tumor cells have lost a protein called SMARCA4, also known as BRG1. Pathologists confirm the diagnosis by showing that this protein is missing from the tumor cells. SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is one of two types …
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