Myxopapillary ependymoma is a type of glial tumor, meaning it develops from glial cells, which are support cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is considered a WHO grade 2 tumor. Although grade 2 tumors grow more slowly than high-grade tumors, myxopapillary ependymomas can still cause symptoms because they grow in tight spaces and …
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Anaplastic meningioma is an aggressive type of meningioma. Meningiomas are tumors that start from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Anaplastic meningioma is the highest-grade meningioma and is classified as World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3. While most meningiomas are slow-growing and benign, anaplastic meningiomas …
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Understanding a pathology report can feel overwhelming. Medical terms are new, the information is detailed, and it often appears at a time when you already have many questions. Osler was created to help. Meet Osler: Your pathology education chatbot Osler is a virtual guide trained on the trusted, expert-written information from MyPathologyReport.com. Osler’s purpose is …
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Astrocytoma (IDH-mutant) is a type of brain tumor that arises from astrocytes. Astrocytes are a kind of glial cell that support and protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The term IDH-mutant refers to tumors with a mutation in one of the IDH genes. These genes are called IDH1 and IDH2. An IDH-mutant …
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Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a type of cancer that starts in the gland-forming cells that line the appendix. These cancer cells produce large amounts of mucin, a thick, jelly-like material. Unlike low-grade mucinous neoplasms (LAMNs) and high-grade mucinous neoplasms (HAMNs), mucinous adenocarcinoma shows destructive invasion, meaning the tumor grows aggressively into the wall …
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A high-grade mucinous neoplasm of the appendix (HAMN) is a tumor made up of mucin-producing cells that line the inside of the appendix. Like low-grade mucinous neoplasms (LAMNs), HAMNs produce large amounts of mucin, which can cause the appendix to enlarge or rupture. However, unlike LAMNs, HAMN cells exhibit high-grade features under the microscope. This …
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Non-ampullary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum is a type of cancer that starts in the gland-forming cells that line the inside surface of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine located just beyond the stomach. The duodenum plays an important role in digestion by mixing food with stomach acid, bile, and pancreatic …
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The focus score is a number used by pathologists to describe how much inflammation is present in a minor salivary gland biopsy. It helps doctors determine whether the changes in the glands are consistent with an autoimmune condition such as Sjögren syndrome, a disease in which the body’s immune system attacks its own salivary and …
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The term lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) describes a group of conditions in which lymphocytes—a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections—grow or multiply beyond normal levels. Lymphocytes include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. These cells normally protect the body by recognizing and destroying viruses, bacteria, and abnormal cells. In a …
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