Bone remodeling is the process the body uses to renew its bones constantly. Old or damaged bone is removed by cells called osteoclasts, and new bone is laid down in its place by cells called osteoblasts. This process continues throughout life. It keeps bones strong, repairs small cracks, and helps regulate blood calcium levels. Bone …
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CD99 is a protein found on the surface of many types of cells. Pathologists test for CD99 to help identify small, round-cell tumors, especially Ewing sarcoma. Almost all Ewing sarcomas are strongly CD99-positive. Many other tumors are also positive, so pathologists never use CD99 alone to make a diagnosis. CD99 is a test result, not …
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Conventional osteosarcoma is the most common type of osteosarcoma, a cancer in which the tumor cells make new bone. It is a type of sarcoma, a cancer that starts in the body’s supporting and connecting tissues. Conventional osteosarcoma starts in bone, most often near the knee or shoulder, and makes up about 8 or 9 …
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After a biopsy, swab, or blood test, many people want to know how long results will take. Some test results come back the same day, while others take several weeks. Timing depends on the test type, the laboratory, and whether the initial review requires additional testing. A pathologist or laboratory professional must also review and …
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High-grade surface osteosarcoma is a very rare type of bone cancer that grows on the bone’s surface. It is a type of osteosarcoma, a group of cancers in which the tumor cells make new bone. It accounts for fewer than 1% of all osteosarcomas. “High grade” means the tumor cells look very abnormal under the …
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Periosteal osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that grows on the outer surface of a bone. It is a type of osteosarcoma, a group of cancers in which the tumor cells make new bone. Periosteal osteosarcoma accounts for only about 1 to 2% of all osteosarcomas. The tumor starts beneath the periosteum, the thin layer …
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Telangiectatic osteosarcoma is a rare type of osteosarcoma, a bone cancer made of bone-producing cells. It makes up fewer than 4 in 100 osteosarcomas. Telangiectatic describes widened blood vessels. Most of this tumor is made of large spaces filled with blood, separated by thin walls that contain the cancer cells. This gives the tumor a …
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Congo red is a special stain pathologists use to detect amyloid, an abnormal protein that can build up in tissues and organs. Amyloid can damage the heart, kidneys, nerves, and other organs. The Congo red stain is the standard test for confirming amyloid in a tissue sample. Congo red is a test, not a diagnosis. …
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A lambda light chain is one of the two types of light chains, a small piece that forms part of every antibody. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins made by B cells and plasma cells to fight infection. Each antibody contains either two lambda light chains or two kappa light chains, never a mix. Pathologists …
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A kappa light chain is one of the two types of light chains, a small piece that forms part of every antibody. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are proteins made by B cells and plasma cells to fight infection. Each antibody contains either two kappa light chains or two lambda light chains, never a mix. Pathologists …
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