A biomarker is a measurable feature of a cancer that tells doctors something useful about how it will behave or how to treat it. In acute myeloid leukemia, almost all biomarkers are genetic changes inside the leukemia cells, found by testing bone marrow or blood. They matter more in this disease than in most cancers, …
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Acute myeloid leukemia is a cancer that starts in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. Immature blood cells, called blasts, multiply quickly and fail to develop into functional red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. As blasts build up, the marrow can no longer make enough normal …
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Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature retinal cells, the light-sensing tissue at the back of the eye. It is the most common eye cancer in children. About 1 child in every 15,000 to 18,000 born is affected. Almost all cases are diagnosed before age 5, and two-thirds before age 2. Retinoblastoma is diagnosed …
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A pathology report is the document that describes what was found when a sample of tissue from your child was examined under a microscope by a pathologist. For a child with a tumor, this report carries the diagnosis, and it usually carries the test results that decide how the tumor will be treated. It is …
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Children and teenagers develop different kinds of tumors than adults do. Most childhood tumors grow from tissue that is still developing, which is why the names on a pathology report are often unfamiliar. When a growth is removed, or a sample is taken, a pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope and describes the findings …
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Lung cancer starts in lung tissue. Most lung cancers begin in the cells that line the airways. Others begin in the cells lining the tiny air sacs where oxygen passes into the blood. As a lung cancer grows, it can invade surrounding lung tissue and reach the lung surface. It can also spread to nearby …
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Colorectal cancer starts in the lining of the large intestine. The large intestine includes the colon and the rectum. Almost all of these cancers begin in the gland-forming cells that line the inside of the bowel. From there, they grow outward into the wall. Pathologists call growth beyond the lining invasion. Once it happens, the …
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Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, usually shortened to VHL, is an inherited condition that causes tumors and cysts to develop in several organs. It is caused by a change in a single gene, also called VHL. It affects roughly 1 in 36,000 people. The tumors it causes share an unusual feature: nearly all of them are built …
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Prostate cancer starts in the prostate, a small organ that sits below the bladder in men. The prostate produces part of the fluid in semen. Almost all prostate cancers begin in the cells lining its small glands. As a prostate cancer grows, it can spread into the supporting tissue around those glands. It can reach …
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Invasive breast cancer starts in the breast. The breast is made of small glands that produce milk and ducts that carry it to the nipple. Almost all breast cancers begin in the cells lining those glands and ducts. Invasive means the cancer cells have broken out of the gland or duct where they started. They …
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