SDH-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumour is a rare type of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) that almost always develops in the stomach. Like other GISTs, it arises from specialized cells in the wall of the digestive tract that help regulate gut motility. What makes this tumour different is that it is caused by a problem in a …
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The Banff score is a standardized system used to describe findings in a kidney transplant biopsy. It is part of the Banff Classification, an international consensus system that enables transplant teams worldwide to interpret biopsy results in a consistent and meaningful way. The Banff score is not a single number. Instead, it is made up …
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Epithelioid angiomyolipoma is a rare type of kidney tumour and a variant of angiomyolipoma. Unlike classic angiomyolipoma, which contains a mixture of fat, muscle, and blood vessels, epithelioid angiomyolipoma is made up mostly of epithelioid cells (at least 80%). Because of these cells, this tumour can sometimes behave more aggressively than classic angiomyolipoma. This article …
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SDHB stands for succinate dehydrogenase subunit B, which is a protein made by cells to help produce energy. It is part of a larger group of proteins called the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex, which works inside cells to convert nutrients into usable energy. SDHB itself is not a disease. Instead, it is a normal protein …
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Mallory-Denk bodies are abnormal clumps of protein found inside liver cells called hepatocytes. These protein clumps form when liver cells are injured and can no longer process or dispose of specific structural proteins normally. Mallory–Denk bodies are not a disease by themselves. Instead, they are a microscopic finding that tells pathologists the liver has been …
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Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder of the immune system in which a specific type of immune cell proliferates and accumulates in tissues where it does not normally reside. These abnormal cells resemble Langerhans cells, which are immune cells involved in responding to infection and inflammation. In Langerhans cell histiocytosis, these cells multiply in …
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CIC-DUX4 sarcoma is a rare, aggressive type of soft tissue cancer. It belongs to a group of tumours called undifferentiated round cell sarcomas, meaning the cancer cells look very immature and do not clearly resemble a normal tissue type under the microscope. Most cases are driven by a specific genetic change involving the CIC gene, …
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TERT is a gene that provides instructions for making part of an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase helps maintain structures called telomeres, which protect the ends of chromosomes. TERT is considered a biomarker. A biomarker is a measurable feature in a tumour, such as a gene change, that helps doctors understand how a cancer behaves and …
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Immunophenotyping is a laboratory method used to identify and classify cells based on the proteins they express on their surface or inside the cell. These proteins act like molecular “name tags” that help pathologists determine what type of cell is present, where it came from, and whether it is normal or abnormal. Immunophenotyping is most …
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CD10 is a protein found on the surface of specific normal cells in the body. In pathology, CD10 is an immunohistochemical marker, meaning it can be highlighted in tissue samples using a specialized laboratory stain. Pathologists use CD10 to identify which cell types are present in a biopsy and to better classify diseases such as …
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