Polycythemia vera (PV) is a type of blood cancer called a myeloproliferative neoplasm. It develops when the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, and many people also have increased white blood cell and platelet counts. In most cases, polycythemia vera is caused by an acquired genetic change in a gene called JAK2 that sends constant signals telling blood …
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A myeloproliferative neoplasm is a group of blood cancers that start in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside your bones where new blood cells are made. In these conditions, the bone marrow produces too many mature blood cells. The extra cells may be red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets, depending on the …
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A somatic mutation is a change in a gene that occurs during a person’s lifetime in a specific group of cells. These mutations are not present at birth and are not passed down from parents. Instead, they develop in cells as they grow and divide. Somatic mutations are common in many types of cancer because …
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Variant allele frequency (VAF) is a measurement used in the genetic testing of tumours. It describes how common a specific genetic change is within a tested tissue sample and is usually reported as a percentage. Tumours are often tested for genetic changes because these changes can explain why a cancer developed, how it may behave, …
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Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a type of blood cancer called a myeloproliferative neoplasm. This group of conditions starts in the bone marrow, the soft, spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. In essential thrombocythemia, the bone marrow produces too many platelets, the small cell fragments in the blood that help form clots to …
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Myxopapillary ependymoma is a type of glial tumor, meaning it develops from glial cells, which are support cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is considered a WHO grade 2 tumor. Although grade 2 tumors grow more slowly than high-grade tumors, myxopapillary ependymomas can still cause symptoms because they grow in tight spaces and …
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Anaplastic meningioma is the most aggressive form of meningioma, classified as World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3. Meningiomas develop from meningothelial cells in the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Like all meningiomas, anaplastic meningiomas are dural-based tumors — they grow attached to the dura (the …
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Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, is a type of brain tumor that develops from astrocytes, star-shaped glial cells that support nerve cells throughout the brain and spinal cord. It belongs to a larger group of tumors called diffuse gliomas. Diffuse gliomas are infiltrative, which means the tumor cells spread into the normal brain tissue around them and cannot …
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Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a cancer that starts in the gland-forming cells lining the appendix. These cells produce large amounts of mucin, a thick jelly-like substance. A tumor is called mucinous when more than half of it is made up of mucin rather than cells. What separates this diagnosis from the other mucin-producing …
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A high-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm, usually shortened to HAMN, is a tumor that starts in the inner lining of the appendix. It is made of cells that produce mucin, a thick jelly-like substance. The words “high grade” describe how the cells look under the microscope, with enlarged, irregular nuclei and more cells caught in the …
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