Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a cancer that starts in the gland-forming cells lining the appendix. These cells produce large amounts of mucin, a thick jelly-like substance. A tumor is called mucinous when more than half of it is made up of mucin rather than cells. What separates this diagnosis from the other mucin-producing …
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A high-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm, usually shortened to HAMN, is a tumor that starts in the inner lining of the appendix. It is made of cells that produce mucin, a thick jelly-like substance. The words “high grade” describe how the cells look under the microscope, with enlarged, irregular nuclei and more cells caught in the …
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Non-ampullary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum is a type of cancer that starts in the gland-forming cells that line the inside surface of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine located just beyond the stomach. The duodenum plays an important role in digestion by mixing food with stomach acid, bile, and pancreatic …
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A focus score is a measurement used by pathologists to describe the amount of inflammation seen in a minor salivary gland biopsy. It is most commonly used when doctors are evaluating for Sjögren syndrome, an autoimmune disease that affects moisture-producing glands. The focus score quantifies the number of immune cell clusters present in the tissue …
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The term lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) describes a group of conditions in which lymphocytes—a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections—grow or multiply beyond normal levels. Lymphocytes include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. These cells normally protect the body by recognizing and destroying viruses, bacteria, and abnormal cells. In a …
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A supratentorial ependymoma is a brain tumor made of ependymal cells, which normally line the brain’s fluid-filled spaces and the central canal of the spinal cord. Supratentorial means the tumor sits above the tentorium, the membrane separating the upper brain from the cerebellum and brainstem below. These tumors can grow within the brain tissue itself …
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A spinal cord ependymoma is a type of spinal cord tumour made up of ependymal cells, which normally line the fluid-filled spaces inside the brain and spinal cord. These tumours grow within the spinal cord itself (intramedullary) and can occur anywhere along its length, although they are most often found in the cervical (neck) or …
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A posterior fossa ependymoma is a brain tumor that grows from ependymal cells, which normally line the fluid-filled spaces inside the brain and spinal cord. The posterior fossa is the lower back part of the skull. It contains the cerebellum, which controls balance, and the brainstem, which connects the brain to the spinal cord. These …
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Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition in which abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow make a small amount of a single type of antibody, called a monoclonal protein or M-protein. MGUS is not necessarily cancer, but it is considered a precursor (early stage) in the spectrum of plasma cell disorders. It …
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Multiple myeloma (also called plasma cell myeloma) is a type of blood cancer that starts from plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell that lives in the bone marrow and makes antibodies (immunoglobulins) to help fight infection. In multiple myeloma, a group of abnormal plasma cells grows out of control inside the bone marrow. …
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