Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) is a rare and aggressive type of cervical cancer. It develops from small cancer cells that exhibit neuroendocrine differentiation, meaning they behave like the hormone-producing cells found throughout the body. Because it is a high-grade cancer, SCNEC tends to grow quickly and spread early, often before the tumor itself is …
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Nephroblastoma, also called Wilms tumor, is a type of kidney cancer. It is the most common kidney cancer in children, and it is rare in adults. The tumor develops from early kidney cells called nephrogenic blastema, the cells that normally build the kidney before birth. Under the microscope, the tumor looks like a kidney that …
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POLD1 is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called DNA polymerase delta. This protein works together with other DNA polymerases, including POLE, to copy DNA when cells divide. Like POLE, POLD1 has a proofreading function that helps correct mistakes during DNA replication. This proofreading keeps the genetic code accurate and prevents harmful …
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POLE is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called DNA polymerase epsilon. This protein is very important because it helps copy DNA when cells divide. It also has a special function called proofreading, which works like a spell-checker to make sure mistakes in DNA are fixed. When POLE is working normally, it …
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FOLR1 is a gene that provides the instructions for making a protein called folate receptor alpha. This protein is found on the surface of specific cells and helps transport folate, a type of vitamin B (also known as vitamin B9), into the cell. Folate is essential because it enables cells to make DNA and RNA, …
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Platelets are tiny cell fragments in the blood that help stop bleeding. They are also called thrombocytes. Unlike red and white blood cells, platelets are not complete cells. Instead, they are small pieces of larger bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes. Under the microscope, platelets look much smaller than red or white blood cells and often …
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A bone marrow aspiration is a medical procedure in which a small amount of liquid bone marrow is removed using a thin needle and suction. The sample is then spread onto glass slides so that the individual cells can be examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Because the aspiration provides a detailed look at …
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A trephine biopsy is a medical procedure used to take a small, solid piece of bone marrow tissue so that it can be examined under a microscope. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue inside bones where most blood cells are made. Pathologists use the sample from a trephine biopsy to see how the …
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A bone marrow biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of bone marrow is taken so that it can be examined under a microscope by a pathologist. The bone marrow is the soft tissue found inside bones, and it is where most of your blood cells are made. By looking at a …
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ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA) are small fragments of genetic material (DNA) released into the bloodstream by cancer cells. All cells in the body shed bits of DNA when they die, but ctDNA comes specifically from tumor cells. Because these DNA fragments carry the same genetic changes as the tumor, they can be analyzed to learn …
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