Intraductal carcinoma (IDC) is a rare type of noninvasive cancer that starts in the salivary glands, most often in the parotid gland. In this condition, the abnormal cells grow inside the small ducts of the gland and remain surrounded by a protective layer of myoepithelial cells. Because the tumor stays confined to the ducts, IDC …
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A serous cystadenoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor of the pancreas. It is made up of many small, fluid-filled spaces called cysts, lined by cells that contain a natural sugar called glycogen. Most serous cystadenomas grow slowly, cause no symptoms, and are found by chance during imaging done for another reason. A serous cystadenoma is …
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Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or PanIN, is a microscopic growth that starts in the small ducts of the pancreas. It is not cancer, but it is considered a precancerous change, which means that over many years it can sometimes turn into a type of pancreatic cancer called ductal adenocarcinoma. PanIN is too small to be seen …
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Interface dermatitis is a term pathologists use to describe a pattern of skin injury seen under the microscope. It refers to inflammation and damage that occurs at the junction where the outer layer of the skin (called the epidermis) meets the layer underneath (called the dermis). This area is known as the dermoepidermal junction. In …
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The phrase interface changes is used by pathologists to describe a specific pattern of inflammation and damage seen at the junction between the epithelium (the surface layer of cells that lines the skin, mouth, and other mucosal surfaces) and the underlying connective tissue (called the dermis in skin or lamina propria in mucosal tissue). This area …
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An atypical meningioma is a type of meningioma that is more aggressive than a grade 1 (benign) meningioma but less aggressive than a grade 3 meningioma. Meningiomas develop from meningothelial cells in the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Like all meningiomas, atypical meningiomas are dural-based …
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1p/19q codeletion is a specific type of genetic change found in a kind of brain tumor called oligodendroglioma. The term “1p/19q codeletion” means that a tumor cell has lost part of two chromosomes—the short arm of chromosome 1 (called 1p) and the long arm of chromosome 19 (called 19q). This genetic change helps pathologists confirm …
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MGMT stands for O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, which is a type of DNA repair protein. Its main job is to protect cells by fixing a specific kind of damage to DNA caused by chemicals called alkylating agents. These agents are sometimes used in chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells, but MGMT can repair this damage and make the …
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A gene is a small section of DNA that provides the instructions for making a specific protein. These proteins help the body grow, develop, and carry out important functions. Genes are found inside almost every cell in the body and are passed down from parents to children. Each person has approximately 20,000 genes, and each …
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A tumor suppressor gene is a type of gene that helps protect the body from cancer. These genes normally control how cells grow, divide, and repair themselves. When working correctly, tumor suppressor genes act like brakes that slow down cell division, fix DNA damage, or cause unhealthy cells to die before they can become cancer. …
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