Keratosis is a word pathologists use to describe an increased amount of keratin on the surface of squamous epithelium, the type of tissue that lines the skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, cervix, and other body surfaces. Keratin is a tough, protective protein made by squamous cells. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and …
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Candida species are a group of yeasts (a type of fungus) that are commonly found in the environment and on or inside the human body. These organisms are part of the normal microbiota, meaning they live harmlessly on the skin, in the mouth, digestive tract, and genital area of many healthy people. Under certain conditions, …
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Caldesmon is a protein found inside cells that helps control how smooth muscle contracts and relaxes. Smooth muscle is found in many parts of the body, including the walls of blood vessels, intestines, uterus, and airways. Caldesmon works by interacting with other proteins—such as actin, tropomyosin, and calmodulin—to regulate muscle function. By controlling when muscles …
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JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein involved in how cells grow, divide, and respond to signals from the immune system. JAK2 is part of a family of related genes that also includes JAK1, JAK3, and TYK2. These genes all produce proteins that help cells communicate using a …
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Parosteal osteosarcoma is a rare type of low-grade bone cancer that forms on the outer surface of a bone, rather than inside the bone. The word “parosteal” means “beside the bone,” and this tumour starts in the thin layer of tissue that covers the bone, called the periosteum. It grows slowly and is considered a …
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NKX3.1 is a specialized protein known as a transcription factor, meaning it helps regulate how certain genes are turned on or off within cells. It plays a crucial role in the normal development and functioning of the prostate gland, particularly in forming the prostate’s ducts and the epithelium (lining cells). The production of NKX3.1 in …
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Low-grade central osteosarcoma (LGCOS) is a rare type of bone cancer. It starts inside the medullary cavity, the central part of a bone where the bone marrow is found. LGCOS is called “low-grade” because the cancer cells look only mildly abnormal under the microscope and grow slowly compared to more aggressive forms of osteosarcoma. The …
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Osteoblasts are specialized cells responsible for making new bone. Their main role is to produce and organize the materials needed to build the hard, mineralized structure of bone. Osteoblasts work by first creating a soft framework called osteoid, which is then hardened by the addition of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Osteoblasts are essential …
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Heterotopic ossification is a condition where bone forms in soft tissues where bone is not normally found. The word “heterotopic” means “in an abnormal place,” and “ossification” refers to the process of forming bone. In this condition, the body mistakenly creates bone tissue in areas such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin, usually in response …
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