Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) is a precancerous change in the thin layer of cells that line the gallbladder and bile ducts. In BilIN, the abnormal cells are confined to the inner surface of the duct or gallbladder and have not invaded deeper tissues. Because BilIN can only be seen under the microscope, it is not …
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Adenocarcinoma is a type of gallbladder cancer that starts in glandular cells. These cells normally produce bile and line the inner surface of the gallbladder. In adenocarcinoma, the cells grow in an abnormal and uncontrolled way, invading deeper layers of the gallbladder wall and sometimes spreading to nearby lymph nodes or organs. Symptoms Gallbladder adenocarcinoma …
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Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is a treatment that removes abnormal tissue from the cervix using a thin wire loop that carries an electrical current. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. LEEP is both a treatment and a method for obtaining tissue for microscopic examination. Why is …
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A mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) is a rare type of appendix cancer that contains two different components: A neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) or neuroendocrine tumor (NET), which comes from hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells. A non-neuroendocrine carcinoma, usually an adenocarcinoma (a cancer that develops from gland-forming cells). For a tumor to be called MiNEN, each component must …
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A poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare and aggressive type of appendix cancer. It begins with neuroendocrine cells in the appendix, which normally help regulate digestion by releasing hormones in response to signals from the nervous system. Unlike well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), which are slow-growing and often discovered by chance, poorly differentiated NECs …
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An excisional biopsy is a type of surgical procedure in which the entire abnormal area of tissue is removed so it can be examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Unlike other types of biopsies that only take a small sample, an excisional biopsy removes the whole lump, lesion, or suspicious area. This enables the …
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Metaplastic carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer that makes up less than 1% of all invasive breast cancers. It develops when breast cancer cells change their appearance and begin to resemble other cell types, such as flat squamous cells, elongated spindle cells resembling connective tissue, or even cartilage- or bone-like cells. Because of this variety, pathologists describe …
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Hallmark cells are a distinctive type of abnormal cell seen under the microscope in a cancer called anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). These cells are a clue that helps pathologists recognize and diagnose this disease. What do hallmark cells look like? Hallmark cells are large and have a very characteristic appearance. Their nuclei, which are …
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Atypical lymphoid infiltrate is a descriptive, often preliminary diagnosis. Atypical means that the cells do not look normal (hence they are not typical or usual), but they are also not clearly cancerous. Lymphoid refers to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. It means the biopsy shows an …
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Papillae are small, finger-like projections of tissue that can be seen in many different parts of the body. Each papilla has a central core, usually made of connective tissue and small blood vessels, and is covered on the outside by a layer of cells. Papillae are a normal structure in certain organs, but they can …
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