FLI1 (Friend leukemia integration 1) is a protein produced by a gene located on chromosome 11. It belongs to a family of proteins known as ETS transcription factors, which play an important role in controlling cell growth, differentiation, and development. Pathologists often test for FLI1 to help diagnose certain types of cancers, especially Ewing sarcoma …
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Intraepithelial is a medical term pathologists use to describe cells or changes that occur entirely within the epithelium—the thin layer of tissue that lines and protects the body’s surfaces and cavities, including the skin and internal organs. This term indicates that the cells involved have not spread beyond this lining or into deeper tissues. Why …
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A polypectomy is a medical procedure used to remove a polyp, which is a small growth of tissue, from the inner surface of an organ. It is commonly performed in parts of the digestive tract, especially the colon (large intestine), stomach, or rectum. After removal, the polyp is sent to a laboratory, where a pathologist …
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The Gleason score is a number pathologists use to describe prostate cancer based on how the tumor cells look under a microscope. This score helps doctors predict how quickly and aggressively the cancer may grow and spread. The Gleason score can only be determined after examining a tissue sample from the prostate tumor. How is …
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Colitis means inflammation of the colon. The colon (a part of the large intestine) is the last part of the digestive system and helps absorb water and nutrients from food. When the colon becomes inflamed, it can’t do its job correctly, leading to uncomfortable symptoms. What are the symptoms of colitis? Common symptoms of colitis …
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Mature adipose tissue, commonly known as mature fat, is a fully developed form of fat tissue in the body. It is composed primarily of cells called adipocytes that store energy, provide cushioning for internal organs, and help regulate body temperature by providing insulation. Mature adipose tissue is essential for healthy metabolism and normal body function. …
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Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is a rare, non-cancerous condition that affects lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small structures found throughout the body that help fight infection. In UCD, only a single lymph node or a group of lymph nodes in a specific area is involved. UCD typically has benign features, meaning it is not cancerous …
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Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family. Like other herpesviruses, HHV-8 can remain dormant in the body for a prolonged period after the initial infection. Most healthy individuals infected with HHV-8 never develop symptoms or health problems. However, in some people—especially those with …
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Castleman disease is a rare condition that affects the lymph nodes and the immune system. It involves abnormal growth and inflammation of lymph nodes, leading to various health issues depending on the subtype and extent of involvement. There are different types of Castleman disease, each with distinct characteristics, causes, and clinical outcomes. What are the …
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Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (often called iMCD) is a rare disorder that involves an overactive immune system, leading to inflammation throughout the body. The disease affects multiple lymph nodes, causing them to enlarge and produce excessive amounts of inflammatory chemicals called cytokines. This results in symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and problems in several organs. …
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