Pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS) is a rare type of skin cancer that usually affects older adults with extensive sun damage. It most often appears on the scalp or face, areas that receive a lot of ultraviolet (UV) light over a lifetime. PDS is closely related to a lower-risk tumor called atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX); the two …
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A perineurioma is a rare, non-cancerous tumour that arises from perineurial cells, which are part of the protective sheath that surrounds nerves. These tumours belong to a group of tumours called peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Most perineuriomas are found in soft tissue, but they can also occur within nerves (intraneural perineuriomas) or on mucosal surfaces such …
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Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a type of cancer that contains features of both carcinoma and sarcoma. Carcinomas are cancers that start in epithelial cells, which line the surface of organs, while sarcomas are cancers that start in mesenchymal cells, such as those found in connective tissue, bone, or muscle. In sarcomatoid carcinoma, the tumour starts as …
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Keratosis is a word pathologists use to describe an increased amount of keratin on the surface of squamous epithelium, the type of tissue that lines the skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, cervix, and other body surfaces. Keratin is a tough, protective protein made by squamous cells. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and …
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Candida species are a group of yeasts (a type of fungus) that are commonly found in the environment and on or inside the human body. These organisms are part of the normal microbiota, meaning they live harmlessly on the skin, in the mouth, digestive tract, and genital area of many healthy people. Under certain conditions, …
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Caldesmon is a protein found inside cells that helps control how smooth muscle contracts and relaxes. Smooth muscle is found in many parts of the body, including the walls of blood vessels, intestines, uterus, and airways. Caldesmon works by interacting with other proteins—such as actin, tropomyosin, and calmodulin—to regulate muscle function. By controlling when muscles …
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JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein involved in how cells grow, divide, and respond to signals from the immune system. JAK2 is part of a family of related genes that also includes JAK1, JAK3, and TYK2. These genes all produce proteins that help cells communicate using a …
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Parosteal osteosarcoma is a rare type of low-grade bone cancer that forms on the outer surface of a bone, rather than inside the bone. The word “parosteal” means “beside the bone,” and this tumour starts in the thin layer of tissue that covers the bone, called the periosteum. It grows slowly and is considered a …
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NKX3.1 is a specialized protein known as a transcription factor, meaning it helps regulate how certain genes are turned on or off within cells. It plays a crucial role in the normal development and functioning of the prostate gland, particularly in forming the prostate’s ducts and the epithelium (lining cells). The production of NKX3.1 in …
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