A Nabothian cyst is a small, fluid-filled sac that develops on the surface of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Nabothian cysts are very common and benign, meaning they are noncancerous and generally harmless. They form when small mucus-producing glands in the cervix become covered or blocked. Mucus …
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A smooth muscle tumour of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) is a rare type of tumour that arises in the smooth muscle of the uterus. These tumours are considered “uncertain” because it is difficult to determine whether they are benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) based on their appearance under the microscope. STUMP falls somewhere between a …
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B-lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-LBL) is a fast-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that starts from immature B cells, a type of white blood cell that normally helps the body fight infection. It is closely related to B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). The two conditions consist of the same type of cancer cell and differ mainly in where …
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Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer called a myeloproliferative neoplasm. It is defined by an abnormal fusion gene called BCR::ABL1, which causes the bone marrow to produce too many white blood cells, especially neutrophils and the cells that develop into them. Most people are diagnosed at an early, slow-growing stage called …
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A biomarker is a measurable feature of a cancer — a specific protein, gene change, or other detectable characteristic — that tells doctors something useful about the cancer and how to treat it. Biomarker testing has become one of the most important parts of modern cancer care. Rather than treating all cancers of the same …
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IgG4-related sialadenitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the salivary glands, which produce saliva in your mouth. It is part of a group of IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RD). In this condition, the immune system produces too much of an antibody called IgG4, leading to inflammation and swelling of the salivary glands. The inflammation can cause the …
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White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes, are an essential part of your body’s immune system. Their main job is to defend you against infections, combat harmful organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and help regulate inflammation and allergic reactions. Unlike red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells are …
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Hematopoiesis is the process by which the body produces new blood cells. The word comes from the Greek words “hema,” meaning blood, and “poiesis,” meaning formation. Hematopoiesis is essential for maintaining the body’s supply of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets, which are all crucial for carrying oxygen, fighting infections, and …
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Definition: Multinucleated giant cells are large cells that contain multiple nuclei. These cells are formed by the fusion of smaller cells, typically macrophages, which are immune cells involved in the body’s response to infection, inflammation, or foreign substances. Multinucleated giant cells are commonly seen in various inflammatory conditions and certain types of tumours. What do …
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A chondroid tumour is a type of growth or mass that contains tissue resembling cartilage. Cartilage is the firm, flexible tissue found in joints, the respiratory tract, and other body parts. Chondroid tumours can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). When is this term used in a pathology report? The term “chondroid tumour” is often …
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