Microglandular hyperplasia is a noncancerous condition of the cervix in which the glandular cells grow in greater numbers than usual and form many small, closely packed glands. The word hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells in a tissue. Microglandular hyperplasia is harmless. It does not become cancer, and having this condition …
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Tunnel clusters are groups of small gland-like structures that can form in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. These glands are lined by the same mucus-producing cells that are normally found in the cervix. Under the microscope, they often appear as tightly packed tubes or tunnels, …
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A Nabothian cyst is a small, fluid-filled sac that develops on the surface of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Nabothian cysts are very common and benign, meaning they are noncancerous and generally harmless. They form when small mucus-producing glands in the cervix become covered or blocked. Mucus …
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A smooth muscle tumour of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) is a rare type of tumour that arises in the smooth muscle of the uterus. These tumours are considered “uncertain” because it is difficult to determine whether they are benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) based on their appearance under the microscope. STUMP falls somewhere between a …
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B-lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-LBL) is a rare and aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that starts from immature B cells, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections.It is closely related to B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). The two conditions are part of the same disease spectrum and differ mainly in where the …
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Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a type of blood cancer called a myeloproliferative neoplasm. It is defined by an abnormal fusion gene called BCR::ABL1. This gene causes the bone marrow to produce too many white blood cells, especially myelocytes and neutrophils, which normally help fight infection. Most people are diagnosed at an early, slow-growing stage called …
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A biomarker is a measurable feature of a cancer — a specific protein, gene change, or other detectable characteristic — that tells doctors something useful about the cancer and how to treat it. Biomarker testing has become one of the most important parts of modern cancer care. Rather than treating all cancers of the same …
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IgG4-related sialadenitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the salivary glands, which produce saliva in your mouth. It is part of a group of IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RD). In this condition, the immune system produces too much of an antibody called IgG4, leading to inflammation and swelling of the salivary glands. The inflammation can cause the …
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White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes, are an essential part of your body’s immune system. Their main job is to defend you against infections, combat harmful organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and help regulate inflammation and allergic reactions. Unlike red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells are …
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Hematopoiesis is the process by which the body produces new blood cells. The word comes from the Greek words “hema,” meaning blood, and “poiesis,” meaning formation. Hematopoiesis is essential for maintaining the body’s supply of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets, which are all crucial for carrying oxygen, fighting infections, and …
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