Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) of the breast is a benign (non-cancerous) condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of epithelial cells in the lobules of the breast. This condition involves cells that look different from normal cells but are not abnormal enough to be classified as cancer. Atypical lobular hyperplasia is considered a …
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A ganglioneuroma is a rare type of non-cancerous tumor that develops from cells of the sympathetic nervous system. This is part of the body’s network of nerves that controls automatic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. Ganglioneuroma is considered the most mature form in a family of tumors called neuroblastic tumors. Less …
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What is a spermatocytic tumour? Spermatocytic tumour is a rare type of testicular cancer that is typically seen in men over 50 years of age. Unlike other types of testicular cancers, spermatocytic tumour also never metastasizes (spreads) to other parts of the body and most patients are cured with surgery alone. What type of tumour …
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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family. There are two main types of HSV: HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both types can cause similar symptoms, including painful blisters or sores, although HSV-1 typically causes sores around the mouth (cold sores), while HSV-2 usually causes genital herpes. Once infected, the virus …
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. It is ubiquitous and infects people of all ages. CMV is spread through body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine, and breast milk. What are the symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection? Most healthy individuals who become infected with CMV have no symptoms, and the virus …
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In situ hybridization (often abbreviated as ISH) is a specialized laboratory test that enables pathologists to detect specific pieces of genetic material (DNA or RNA) directly within the cells of a tissue sample. The phrase “in situ” means “in its original place,” and “hybridization” refers to the way a probe (a small piece of complementary …
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An amendment is a formal correction or significant change made to a pathology report after the original report has already been issued. Unlike an addendum — which adds new information without changing what was previously written — an amendment directly modifies the content of the original report. Amendments must be clearly documented, and the relevant …
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CD19 is a protein found on the surface of B cells — a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections by producing antibodies (proteins the immune system uses to recognize and attack germs). CD19 is one of the most reliable markers of B cells: it appears very early as a B …
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What is an intramuscular myxoma? An intramuscular myxoma is a non-cancerous tumour made up of spindle cells surrounded by myxoid tissue and located within a muscle. Is an intramuscular myxoma benign or malignant? An intramuscular myxoma is a benign (non-cancerous) type of tumour. Can an intramuscular myxoma turn into cancer over time? No. Intramuscular myxoma …
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What is a myxoma? A myxoma is a non-cancerous tumour made up of spindle cells surrounded by myxoid tissue. Where are myxomas found in the body? Myxomas are commonly found in the heart, skin, and ovaries, around joints, inside nerves, and within skeletal muscle. Is a myxoma benign or malignant? A myxoma is a benign …
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