The breast is made up of glands that can produce milk, ducts that carry milk to the nipple, and supporting fatty and fibrous tissue. A wide range of changes can develop in the breast, and most are not cancer. When tissue is removed from the breast, a pathologist examines it under a microscope and describes …
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Columnar cell hyperplasia is a non-cancerous change that can occur in the small structures of the breast called terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). In this condition, the glands (acini) inside the TDLU become slightly enlarged and are lined by more than two layers of tall, column-shaped cells. This increased layering of cells is what hyperplasia …
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Columnar cell change is a non-cancerous alteration that can occur in the small structures of the breast known as terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). In this change, the tiny glands (acini) inside the TDLU become slightly enlarged and are lined by cells that are taller than usual, called columnar epithelial cells. In some cases, there …
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A basaloid neoplasm is a tumor made up of cells that look dark blue under the microscope. These cells are called basaloid because they resemble the basal cells normally found at the very bottom of the epithelium, which is the thin layer of tissue that lines many surfaces in the body. The term basaloid neoplasm …
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A spindle cell neoplasm is a tumour made up of spindle-shaped cells, which are cells that are longer than they are wide. Under the microscope, these cells look like elongated ovals or grains of rice. The term spindle cell neoplasm describes how the cells look, not the exact type of tumour. Many different tumours contain …
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CD20 is a protein found on the surface of B cells — a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections by producing antibodies (proteins the immune system uses to recognize and attack germs). CD20 appears on B cells as they mature in the bone marrow and remains on the cell’s surface …
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What is Hyams grade? The Hyams grade is a system that divides olfactory neuroblastomas into four levels or grades in order to help predict how the tumour will behave over time. Hyams grade 1 and 2 tumours are called low-grade while Hyams grade 3 and 4 tumours are called high-grade. The Hyams grade is important …
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Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare type of cancer that starts from the specialized cells high in the nasal cavity that detect odors and send smell-related signals to the brain. It usually begins near the roof of the nasal cavity, close to a thin bone called the cribriform plate, which separates the nose from the brain, …
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What is cartilage? Cartilage is a special ‘elastic’ type of tissue which means that can be bent or compressed (put under pressure) without breaking. Where is cartilage normally found? Cartilage is found throughout the body although most cartilage is found between bones where it helps form a cushion that protects the ends of the bones …
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An adrenal cortical adenoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops from cells in the adrenal cortex, the outer part of the adrenal gland. There are two adrenal glands in the body, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal cortex normally produces hormones that help control blood pressure, salt and water balance, metabolism, sexual …
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