Follicular thyroid carcinoma is a type of thyroid cancer that starts from follicular cells, the cells that normally make thyroid hormone. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that helps regulate metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature. Follicular thyroid carcinoma is a well-differentiated cancer, meaning the tumor cells still look …
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ASC-H stands for “atypical squamous cells — cannot rule out high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).” It is a result on a Pap test (also called a Pap smear) that means abnormal squamous cells were found in the sample from your cervix, and these cells raise enough concern that a precancerous condition called high-grade squamous intraepithelial …
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Acute lung injury is a serious medical condition that involves inflammation and damage to the lungs. It makes it difficult for the lungs to function properly and can affect how well your body receives oxygen. Pathologists identify two different patterns of acute lung injury: organizing pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). These two patterns differ …
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Follicular nodular disease is a benign (noncancerous) condition in which the thyroid gland contains one or more nodules. A nodule is a rounded area where thyroid cells have grown more than usual. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that helps control metabolism by producing thyroid hormones. When many …
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What are mismatch repair proteins? Mismatch repair proteins (MMR) are a system inside all normal, healthy cells for fixing mistakes in our genetic material (DNA). The system is made up of different proteins and the four most common are called MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2. The four MMR proteins MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2 work …
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What is pneumonia? Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungus. Most cases of pneumonia start when infectious particles, breathed in through the nose and mouth, travel down the airways into the lungs. Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs at the same time. The disease can …
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COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus is part of a large family of viruses known as coronaviruses. The coronavirus family includes many different types of viruses, some that cause disease in humans and some that cause disease in animals. SARS-CoV-2 is closely …
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A virus is an incredibly small biological agent capable of infecting animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi. The typical virus is approximately 1/10 the size of a single bacteria and 1/100 to 1/1000 the size of a human cell. What are the parts of a typical virus? Although there are many different types of viruses (see …
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A meningioma is a type of tumor that develops from cells in the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. More specifically, meningiomas arise from meningothelial cells in the arachnoid mater, one of the protective layers. Most meningiomas are well-circumscribed, meaning the tumor has a clear border …
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Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a rare type of thyroid cancer that starts from C cells (also called parafollicular cells). The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck. Most thyroid cancers begin in follicular cells, which make thyroid hormone. Medullary thyroid carcinoma differs because it arises from C cells, which produce a hormone …
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